i Ml 1 illo{H|!j!{!J! 1 1 :hl!»! MimS HH MWi 11 i Illli j;i I BwiHB •• ill 1 HI HHBBilvtiMnfRInn • !!jfil!!iii !!!!!! lljlllllpli 1 ' ' HuUfHnllllnHmf lililll^ i?i)l!{ii'i'jiiitlj];iiiS ti!!'M'!ljfjHj'$n HM')'* 'i.M'l 'i ; ;! i HI •iM' m Mi\ 1I5HJIJ 81!I jIUU'.nMiiUJ avcljarologtcal 'Institute of America AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY THE JOURNAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA VOLUME I 1897 NOEWOOD, MASS. PUBLISHED FOR THE INSTITUTE BY Eije Worfoootr Press NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. cc flio V, \ American Journal of Archaeology SECOND SERIES THE JOURNAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Vol. I, 1897 CUitorial BoarD Editor-in-Chief. JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, Professor in Harvard University. Associate Editors. JAMES R. WHEELER (for the American School at Athens), Professor in Columbia University. ALLAN MARQUAND (for the American School in Rome), Professor in Princeton University. HAROLD N. FOWLER, Professor in Western Reserve University. Honorary Editors. JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE (President of the Institute), Professor in Harvard University. THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR (Chairman of the Managing Com- mittee of the School at Athens), Professor in Yale University. WM. GARDNER HALE (Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome) , Professor in the University of Chicago. lEoitortal Contributors Miss MARY H. BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE H. OLCOTT, Esq., Classical Archaeology. Numismatics. Professor JAMES C. EGBERT, JR., Professor JAMES M. PATON, Roman Epigraphy. Classical Archaeology. Professor ELMER T. MERRILL, Dr. GEORGE A. REISNER, Roman Archaeology. Oriental Archaeology. Professor HERBERT WEIR SMYTH, Greek Epigraphy. CONTENTS PAGE Council of the Archaeological Institute of America . . . . ix Officers of the Affiliated Societies xi Managing Committee of the School at Athens . . . . . xv Managing Committee of the School in Rome ..... xvii EDITORIAL ANNOUNCEMENT 1 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES IN ROME, 1895-96 : First Annual Report of the Managing Committee. — W. G. HALE, M. WARREN, C. L. SMITH, Chairmen 5 Report of the Director (Plate I). — W. G. HALE 17 Report of the Associate Director (Plates II, III). — A. L. FROTHINGHAM, JR. 51 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, 1896-97: Report of the Council (Plates IV-VIII). — JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, President 69 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS, 1896-97 : Report of the Managing Committee. — THOMAS D. SEYMOUR, Chairman 91 Report of the Director. — R. B. RICHARDSON 107 Report of the Professor of Art. — CHARLES WALDSTEIN . . . 117 Report of the Professor of Greek. — J. R. S. STERRETT . . . 120 AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES IN ROME, 1896-97: Report of the Managing Committee. — WM. GARDNER HALE, Chairman 123 Report of the Director. — MINTON WARREN 137 Report of the Professor of Archaeology. — ALLAN MARQUAND . . 156 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA : The Cretan Expedition. Nos. Ill- VIII. Epigraphical Researches in Gortyna (Plates IX, X). — F. HALBHERR 159 Some Cretan Sculptures in the Museum of the Syllogos of Candia (Plate XI). — F. HALBHERR . . . . . . . .239 IV CONTENTS PAGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA — Continued: Note on a Mycenaean Vase and on Some Geometric Vases of the Syllogosof Candia. — P, ORSI 251 Some Roman Busts in the Museum of the Syllogos of Candia (Plates XII, XIII). — L. MARIANI 266 Statue of an Asclepiad from Gortyna. — L. MARIANI . . .279 The Prehistoric Grotto at Miamu. — A. TARAMELLI . . . . 287 AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS: Pre-Mycenaean Graves at Corinth (Plate XIV). — T. W. HEER- MANCE and G. D. LORD 313 ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS AND DISCUSSIONS. — H. N. FOWLER, Editor 333 News of Recent Excavations and Discoveries (Jan.- July, 1897) : General and Miscellaneous, 333 ; Egypt, 336 ; Chaldaea, 339 ; Pales- tine, 344; Syria, 346; Asia Minor, 346; Greece, 347; Italy, 355; Portugal, 366; Spain, 366; France, 367; Germany, 368; England, 375; Herzegovina, 380; Russia, 381; Africa, 383. Summaries of Articles in Periodicals (Jan.- July, 1897) : Oriental, Classical, and Christian Archaeology: — General, 388; Egypt, 393; Asia, 397; Greece, 400 (Sculpture, 400; Painting and Vases, 407 ; Inscriptions, 412 ; Coins, 418 ; Miscellaneous, 419) ; Italy, 423 (Architecture, 423 ; Sculpture and Terra-Cottas, 424; Painting and Vases, 425; Inscriptions, 428; Coins, 431; Miscellaneous, 432) ; Gaul, 434 ; Germany, 435 ; Spain, 436 ; Portugal, 437 ; Africa, 437. Byzantine and Mediaeval Art: — General and Miscellaneous, 438 ; .Italy, 440; Spain, 442; France, 442; Switzerland, 445; Belgium, 445; England, 446; Scotland, 450. Renaissance Art: — Italy, 450; France, 451 ; Spain, 453; England, 453. AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS: Excavations in Corinth, 1896 (Plates XIV-XVII). — R. B. RICHARDSON 455 The Theatre at Corinth, 1896 (Plates XVIII-XXIV). -F. C. BABBITT 481 A Roman Building at Corinth (Plates XXV, XXVI). — H. F. DE Cou 495 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA : Two Reliefs from Assos (Plate XXVII). — R. NORTON . . .507 Tenochtitlan : its Site identified. — A. H. NOLL .... 515 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1897. — H. N. FOWLER, Editor . 525 General and Miscellaneous • 525 CONTENTS V PAGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1897 — Continued: Egyptian Archaeology ......... 528 Oriental Archaeology 531 Classical Archaeology 536 Greek and Roman 536 Greek (I, General and Miscellaneous, 539 ; II, Architecture, 545 ; III, Sculpture, 545 ; IV, Vases and Painting, 549 ; V, Inscrip- tions, 551 ; VI, Coins, 555) w ... ••'".'-• • • 539 Roman (I, General and Miscellaneous, 556 ; II, Architecture, 565; III, Sculpture, 566; IV, Vases and Painting, 567; V, Inscriptions, 567 ; VI, Coins, 573) 556 Christian Art 574 (I, General and Miscellaneous, 574 ; II, Byzantine and Mediaeval, 576 ; III, Renaissance, 578) . • ..'._. . . .574 BULLETINS I. Report of the School in Rome, 1895-96. Appendix ... 1 Managing Committee . . . . . . . . .3 Faculty and Students . 6 Contributors to Current Exercises and Financial Statement . 7 Regulations of the School 12 Circular of Information for Students . . . . -16 Fellowships 18 II. Annual Reports of the Council of the Institute and of the Schools at Athens and Rome, 1896-97. Appendix . . . .25 Archaeological Institute of America : Council of the Institute, 1897-98 27 Members of the Institute, 1897-98 : Foreign Honorary Members 34 Members of the Affiliated Societies, — Boston, New York, Baltimore, Pennsylvania, Chicago, Detroit, Wisconsin, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Washington 34 Regulations of the Institute, 1897-98 74 Rules of the Affiliated Societies, 1897-98 78 Financial Statement, 1896-97 94 American School of Classical Studies at Athens : Managing Committee, 1897-98 29 Colleges Cooperating in the Support of the School, 1897-98 . 30 Trustees of the School, 1897-98 30 Managing Committee and Directorate, 1881-98 . . . 58 Faculty and Students, 1896-97 62 Fellows and Students, 1882-98 63 Regulations, 1897-98 85 Financial Statement, 1896-97 96 Contributors to the School, 1896-97 100 Fellowships for 1898-99 115 Examination Papers for Fellowships, 1896-97 . . . . 117 Circular of Information for Students ..... 125 Books recommended to Students 128 VI CONTENTS American School of Classical Studies in Rome : Managing Committee, 1897-98 31 Faculty and Students, 1896-97 70 Fellows and Students, 1895-98 71 Contributors to the School, 1896-97 102 Financial Statement, 1896-97 Q$ Regulations of the School, 1897-98 QQ Fellowships for 1898-99 115 Circular of Information for Students 125 Books recommended to Students 128 Publications, 1879-97 105 Casts, Photographs, and Lantern Slides us PLATES i. n. in. IV. v. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVII. Facsimile of Catulli Codex fiomanus, page 1. Arch of Trajan at Beneventum. Group of Divinities from Arch of Trajan at Beneventum. Assos. Plan of Agora, Theatre, etc. South Elevation of Baths. Restored. Assos. Small Gateway in Western Fortification Walls (photograph). Assos. Eastern End of Stoa after Excavation (photograph). Assos. Plan of Western Street of Tombs. Elevation of Tomb No. XVI. Elevation of Tomb No. XXI. Assos. Vaulted Tomb "in field." Restoration, showing Method of Construction. Inscription from Gortyna (No. 22). a, b. Archaic Inscriptions from Gortyna (Nos. 28, 29). Head of Aphrodite from Gortyna. Four Roman Busts: Head of Augustus in Modena. Excavations at Old Corinth, 1896. General Plan. Corinth. Trench III. Corinth. Watercourse in Trench III. Corinth. Drum of Column in Trench VII. Plan of Theatre at Corinth. Theatre at Corinth. Steps and Foundation for Seats (Trench XVIII). Roman Seats in situ (Trench XVIII). Foundations for Seats (Trench XVIII B). Flight of Steps (Trench XVIII B). Foundations for Seats (Trench XVIII C). Walls ("ribs") of Roman Theatre (Trench Theatre at Corinth. Theatre at Corinth. Theatre at Corinth. Theatre at Corinth. Theatre at Corinth XVIII F). A Roman Building at Corinth. (Trench XIV). A Roman Building at Corinth (Trench XIV). Relief from Assos. Plan, Elevations, and Sections ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT American School in Rome: Villa Cheremeteff. Elevation .... 45 Villa Cheremeteff: Plans of First, Second, and Third Floors . . 46, 47 Ground Plan of Byzantine Church at Gortyna 171 Plan of Church at Qalb-Louzeh . . 173 Late Doric Capital from Gortyna . 177 Apse Wall of Church at Gortyna . 177 Head of Aphrodite in the Museum of the Syllogos of Candia ... 241 Bellerophon and Pegasus: metope •relief 243 Fallen Warrior : metope relief . . 246 Seated Figure : metope relief . . . 247 Dioscuri : relief from Cnossos . . 249 Mycenaean Vase from Crete . . . 252 Ornamentation on Mycenaean Vase from Crete 252 Ornamentation on Vase of Geo- metric Style from Crete .... 254 Cinerary Urn from Crete .... 256 Ornamentation on a stamnos from Crete 258 Ornamentation on an amphora from Crete 259 Decorations of covers of ossuaries from Crete 260, 261 Horse-head-shaped cover of ossuary from Crete 262 Grotesque oenochoe from Crete . . 263 Head of Augustus from Gortyna . 267 Head of Tiberius from Gortyna . . 269 Head of Livia from Gortyna . . . 270 Head of Germanicus ( ?) , or of a Member of the Julian Gens, from Gortyna 272 Head of Eunuch from Chersonesus in Crete 275 Roman Portrait-bust from Gor- tyna 276 Roman Portrait-bust (Septimius Severus?) 277 Head of a Boy : Crete 278 Statue of an Asclepiad 280 Head of the Asclepiad Statue . . . 281 Miamii and Vicinity : Plan . . . 288 Conchoidal cup from Miamii . . . 290 Grotto of Miamii: Ground-plan . . 291 Grotto of Miamii : Longitudinal section 292 Grotto of Miamii : Transverse sec- tion 293 Pitcher: Miamii 294 Spatulae from bone : Miamii . . . 297 Hand-mill and pestle : Miamii . . 298 Vase handle : Miamii 299 Vases from Miamii . . .301, 302, 303 Graffito from Miamii 304 Fragment from the Blue Grotto of Samatorza (Trieste) 305 Pre-Mycenaean Graves in Corinth: Elevation and Ground-plan . 314, 315 Vases from Pre-Mycenaean Graves in Corinth . . 319, 320, 321, 322, 323 Excavations in Corinth, 18% : Plan of Trench III . 461 Corinth. Plan of Trench VII .. 468 Corinth. Plan of Trench VIII . . 472 Theatre of Corinth. Seat Founda- tion 482 Theatre of Corinth. Stairs . . . 483 Theatre of Corinth. Seat Blocks on Seat Foundations 485 Epistyle Block from Assos . . . 508 City of Mexico and Tenochtitlan . 519 Vicinity of Tenochtitlan .... 520 Site of Remains of Tenochtitlan . 522 archaeological 9[n$tttute of COUNCIL OF THE INSTITUTE 1897-1898 President PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D., Harvard University, of the Boston Society. Honorary Presidents PROFESSOR CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, LITT.D., LL.D., Harvard University, of the Boston Society. PRESIDENT SETH LOW, LL.D., Columbia University, of the New York Society. Vice-Presidents PRESIDENT DANIEL C. OILMAN, LL.D., Johns Hopkins University, Presi- dent of the Baltimore Society. *DR. WILLIAM PEPPER, LL.D., University of Pennsylvania, President of the Pennsylvania Society. MR. MARTIN A. RYERSON, LL.B., Chicago, of the Chicago Society. HON. STEPHEN SALISBURY, A.M., LL.B., Worcester, of the Boston Soci- ety. PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D., Tale University, of the New York Society. Secretary MR. CLARENCE H. YOUNG, PH.D., Columbia University, of the New York Society. Treasurer MR. JAMES LOEB, A.B., 27 and 29 Pine Street, New York, of the New York Society. Editor-in-Chief of the Journal PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, A.M., Harvard University, of the Boston Society. * Deceased, ix ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Other Members of the Council MR. CYRUS ADLER, PH.D., Washington, of the Washington Society. MR. GEORGE A. ARMOUR, A.M., Chicago, of the Chicago Society. Miss CLARA AVERY, Detroit, of the Detroit Society. MR. SELDEN BACON, A.M., LL.B., New York, of the Wisconsin Society. MR. DAVID L. BARTLETT, Baltimore, of the Baltimore Society. MR. GEORGE W. BATES, Detroit, of the Detroit Society. MR. CLARENCE H. CLARK, Philadelphia, of the Pennsylvania Society. PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, PH.D., LL.D., University of Michigan, Presi- dent of the Detroit Society. PRESIDENT TIMOTHY D WIGHT, D.D., LL.D., New Haven, President of the New Haven Society. PROFESSOR HAROLD N. FOWLER, PH.D., Western Reserve University, of the Cleveland Society. PROFESSOR ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, JR., PH.D., Princeton Univer- sity, of the Baltimore Society. PROFESSOR WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, PH.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Harvard University, of the Boston Society. MR. MALCOLM S. GREENOUGH, A.B., Cleveland, President of the Cleve- land Society. PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D., University of Chicago, President of the Chicago Society. MR. CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON, LL.D., Chicago, of the Chicago Society. MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., Boston, of the Boston Society. MRS. NICHOLAS LONGWORTH, Cincinnati, President of the Cincinnati Society. PROFESSOR ALLAN MARQUAND, PH.D., L.H.D., Princeton University, of the New York Society. Miss ELLEN F. MASON, Boston, of the Boston Society. MRS. ALICE FREEMAN PALMER, L.H.D., LL.D., Cambridge, of the Boston Society. PROFESSOR TRACY PECK, A.M., Yale University, of the New Haven Society. PROFESSOR EDWARD DELAY AN PERRY, PH.D., Columbia University, President of the New York Society. MR. FREDERIC J. DE PEYSTER, A.M., LL.B., New York, of the New York Society. MR. EDWARD ROBINSON, A.B., Boston, of the Boston Society. PROFESSOR THOMAS J. SHAHAN, D.D., J.U.D., Catholic University of America, President of the Washington Society. PROFESSOR M. S. SLAUGHTER, PH.D., University of Wisconsin, President of the Wisconsin Society. PROFESSOR FITZ GERALD TISDALL, PH.D., College of the City of New York, of the New York Society. PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D., Columbia University, of the New York Society. MRS. H. WHITMAN, Boston, President of the Boston Society. OTUateli Societies of tie &rd)aeoi00ieal Institute of America OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETIES 1897-1898 BOSTON SOCIETY President MRS. H. WHITMAN. Vice-President HON. STEPHEN SALISBURY, A.M., LL.B. Secretary MR. ERNEST JACKSON, A.M. Treasurer MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B. NEW YORK SOCIETY President PROFESSOR EDWARD DEL A VAN PERRY, PH.D. Vice-Presidents * PROFESSOR HENRY DRISLER, LL.D. MR. HENRY G. MARQUAND. RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER, S.T.D., LL.D. MR. RUSSELL STURGIS, PH.D. Secretary MR. CLARENCE H. YOUNG, PH.D. Treasurer MR. LOUIS D WIGHT RAY, PH.D. * Deceased, xi xii ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA BALTIMORE SOCIETY President PBBSIDKNT DANIEL C. OILMAN, LL.D. Vice-Presidents MR. MENDES COHEN. PROFESSOR AETHUR L. FROTHING HAM, JR., PH.D. PROFESSOR BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, PH.D., LL.D. MR. WILLIAM W. SPENCE. Secretary PROFESSOR KIRBY F. SMITH, Pn.D. Treasurer MR. HENRY F. THOMPSON. PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY President *DR. WILLIAM PEPPER, LL.D. Vice-Presidents MR. CLARENCE H. CLARK. MRS. CORNELIUS STEVENSON, Sc.D. Secretary and Treasurer MR. J. C. STRAWBRIDGE. CHICAGO SOCIETY President PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D. Vice-Presidents MR. JOHN J. GLESSNER. HON. FRANKLIN MACVEAGH. Secretary PROFESSOR CLIFFORD H. MOORE, PH.D. Treasurer PROFESSOR FRANK B. TARBELL, PH.D. * Deceased. OFFICERS OF THE AFFILIATED SOCIETIES xiii DETROIT SOCIETY President PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, PH.D., LL.D. V ice-Presidents MR. CHARLES BUNCHER. MRS. JOHN J. BAGLEY. Secretary MR. GEORGE W. BATES. Treasurer MR. DAVID E. HEINEMAN. -WISCONSIN SOCIETY President PROFESSOR MOSES STEPHEN SLAUGHTER, PH.D. Vice-Presidents Miss ALICE G. CHAPMAN. MRS. SARAH FAIRCHILD CONOVER. PROFESSOR ALEXANDER KERR, A.M. MRS. WAYNE RAMSAY. MR. BREESE J. STEVENS. Secretary and Treasurer PROFESSOR CHARLES FORSTER SMITH, PH.D. CINCINNATI SOCIETY President MRS. NICHOLAS LONGWORTH. V ice-President MR. A. HOWARD HINKLE. Secretary and Treasurer MR. JULIUS DEXTER, A.B., LL.B. xiv ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA CLEVELAND SOCIETY President MR. MALCOLM S. GREENOUGH, A.B. Vice-President MR. EDWARD S. PAGE. Secretary and Treasurer PROFESSOR HAROLD NORTH FOWLER, Pn.D. WASHINGTON SOCIETY President PROFESSOR THOMAS J. SHAHAN, D.D., J.U.D. V ice-Presidents PROFESSOR A. J. HUNTINGTON, Pn.D., D.D. Miss ALICE C. FLETCHER. Secretary and Treasurer REV. BROTHER FABRICIAN. NEW HAVEN SOCIETY President PRESIDENT TIMOTHY DWIGHT, D.D., LL.D. Vice-Presidents PROFESSOR SIMEON E. BALDWIN, LL.D. PROFESSOR BERNADOTTE PERRIN, PH.D., LL.D. Secretary and Treasurer PROFESSOR HORATIO M. REYNOLDS, A.M. American of Classical &tulrtes at MANAGING COMMITTEE 1897-1898 Chairman PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D., of Yale University. Secretary PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D., of Columbia University. Treasurer MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., of Boston. PROFESSOR CHARLES D. ADAMS, PH.D., of Dartmouth College. PROFESSOR H. M. BAIRD, D.D., LL.D., of the University of the City of New York. PROFESSOR I. T. BECKWITH, PH.D., of Trinity College. Miss PROFESSOR A. C. CHAPIN, A.M., of Wellesley College. PROFESSOR EDWARD B. CLAPP, PH.D., of the University of California. PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, PH.D., LL.D., of the University of Michigan. * PROFESSOR HENRY DRISLER, LL.D., of Columbia University. PROFESSOR EDGAR A. EMENS, A.M., of Syracuse University. PROFESSOR ALFRED EMERSON, PH.D. (ex officio, as Professor of the School), of Cornell University. PROFESSOR O. M. FERNALD, A.M., of Williams College. PROFESSOR ABRAHAM L. FULLER, PH.D., of Adelbert College of West- ern Reserve University. PROFESSOR HENRY GIBBONS, PH.D., of the University of Pennsylvania. PROFESSOR BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, PH.D., LL.D., of Johns Hopkins University. PROFESSOR WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, PH.D., LL.D., D.C.L., of Harvard University. PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D. (ex officio, as Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome), of the University of Chicago. PROFESSOR ALBERT HARKNESS, PH.D., LL.D., of Brown University. * Deceased, xv XVI AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS PROFESSOR GEORGE E. HOWES, PH.D., of the University of Vermont. PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. LAMBERTON, LITT.D., of the University of Pennsylvania. Miss PROFESSOR ABBY LEACH, A.M., of Vassar College. Miss ELLEN F. MASON, of Boston. MRS. PRESIDENT ELIZABETH S. MEAD, A.M., of Mt. Holyoke College. PROFESSOR CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, LITT.D., LL.D., of Harvard Uni- versity. PROFESSOR BERNADOTTE PERRIN, PH.D., LL.D., of Yale University. PROFESSOR EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY, PH.D., of Columbia University. MR. FREDERIC J. DE PEYSTER, A.M., LL.B., of New York. PROFESSOR WILLIAM CAREY POLAND, A.M., of Brown University. PROFESSOR RUFUS B. RICHARDSON, Pn.D. (ex offitio, as Director of the School), of Athens. PROFESSOR HERBERT WEIR SMYTH, PH.D., of Bryn Mawr College. PROFESSOR J. R. SITLINGTON STERRETT, PH.D., of Amherst College. PROFESSOR FRANK B. TARBELL, PH.D., of the University of Chicago. PROFESSOR FITZ GERALD TISDALL, PH.D., of the College of the City of New York. PROFESSOR JAMES C. VAN BENSCHOTEN, LL.D., of Wesleyan University. PROFESSOR WILLIAM R. WARE, LL.D., of Columbia University. PROFESSOR BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER, PH.D., LL.D., of Cornell Uni- versity. PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D. (ex officio, as President of the Institute) , of Harvard University. PROFESSOR SAMUEL R. WINANS, PH.D., of Princeton University. PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, A.M. (ex officio, as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Institute), of Harvard University. American Scjjool of Classical Statues in Eome MANAGING COMMITTEE 1897-1898 Chairman PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D., of the University of Chicago. Secretary PROFESSOR SAMUEL BALL PLATNER, PH.D., of Adelbert College of Western Reserve University. Treasurer MR. C. C. CUYLER, A.B., of New York. MRS. WILLIAM F. ALLEN, of Madison. PROFESSOR SIDNEY G. ASHMORE, L.H.D., of Union College. PROFESSOR G. E. BARBER, A.M., of the University of Nebraska. PROFESSOR H. J. BARTON, A.M., of the University of Illinois. PROFESSOR CHARLES E. BENNETT, A.B., of Cornell University. MRS. EMMONS BLAINE, of Chicago. PROFESSOR D. BONBRIGHT, LL.D., of Northwestern University. MR. WILLIAM H. BUCKLER, of Baltimore. PROFESSOR HENRY F. BURTON, A.M., of the University of Rochester. PROFESSOR J. S. CLARK, A.B., of the University of Minnesota. RT. REV. MGR. THOMAS J. CONATY, D.D., Rector of the Catholic Univer- sity of America. MR. FREDERIC R. COUDERT, J.U.D., LL.D., of New York. PROFESSOR W. L. COWLES, A.M., of Amherst College. PROFESSOR A. N. CURRIER, LL.D., of the State University of Iowa. HON. HORACE DAVIS, LL.D., of San Francisco. PROFESSOR S. C. DERBY, A.M., of the State University of Ohio. PROFESSOR JAMES H. DILLARD, Lrrr.D., of Tulane University. RT. REV. WILLIAM C. DOANE, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of Albany. HON. WILLIAM F. DRAPER, Ambassador of the United States at the Court of Italy. PROFESSOR JAMES C. EGBERT, JR., of Columbia University. MR. LOUIS R. EHRICH, of Colorado Springs. PROFESSOR ALFRED EMERSON, PH.D., Professor in the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. xviii AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME PROFESSOR HENRY P. EMERSON, A.M., of Buffalo. PROFESSOR ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, JR., PH.D., of Princeton University. His EMINENCE CARDINAL JAMES GIBBONS, of Baltimore. MR. SAMUEL S. GREEN, A.M., of Worcester. PROFESSOR ALFRED GUDEMAN, PH.D., of the University of Pennsylvania. PROFESSOR ALBERT G. HARKNESS, A.M., of Brown University. PROFESSOR SAMUEL HART, D.D., of Trinity College. PROFESSOR G. L. HENDRICKSON, A.B., of the University of Chicago. PROFESSOR CHARLES G. HERBERMAN, PH.D., LL.D., of the College of the City of New York. PROFESSOR JOHN H. HEWITT, LL.D., of Williams College. RABBI EMIL G. HIRSCH, PH.D., LL.D., of Chicago. PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. HOUGHTON, A.M., of Bowdoin College. MR. CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON, LL.D., of Chicago. PROFESSOR GEORGE E. JACKSON, A.M., of Washington University. PROFESSOR H. W. JOHNSTON, PH.D., of the University of Indiana. PROFESSOR J. C. JONES, PH.D., of the University of Missouri. RT. REV. J. J. KEANE, D.D., Archbishop of Damascus. PROFESSOR FRANCIS W. KELSEY, PH.D., of the University of Michigan. CHANCELLOR J. H. KIRKLAND, Pn.D., of Vanderbilt University. HON. ERNEST B. KRUTTSCHNITT, A.M., of New Orleans, La. COMMENDATORE PROFESSORS RODOLFO LANCIANI, of the University of Rome. MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., of Boston. * PROFESSOR GEORGE M. LANE, LL.D., of Harvard University. REV. CHARLES STANLEY LESTER, D.D., of Milwaukee. PROFESSOR T. B. LINDSAY, PH.D., of Boston University. PROFESSOR GONZALEZ LODGE, Pn.D., of Bryn Mawr College. PROFESSOR JOHN K. LORD, PH.D., of Dartmouth College. PROFESSOR ALLAN MARQUAND, PH.D., L.H.D., of Princeton University. PROFESSOR ELMER T. MERRILL, A.M., of Wesleyan University. PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. MERRILL, PH.D., L.H.D., of the University of California. PROFESSOR J. LEVERETT MOORE, PH.D., of Vassar College. REV. R. J. NEVIN, D.D., Rector of the American Church in Rome. PROFESSOR RICHARD NORTON, A.B. (ex officio, as Professor of the School), of Bryn Mawr College. RT. REV. MGR. O'CONNELL, Rector of the Collegio Americano in Rome. PROFESSOR E. M. PEASE, PH.D., of Leland Stanford Jr. University. PROFESSOR TRACY PECK, A.M., of Yale University. *DR. WILLIAM PEPPER, LL.D., of the University of Pennsylvania. PROFESSOR W. E. PETERS, LL.D., of the University of Virginia. PROFESSOR EDWIN POST, PH.D., of De Pauw University. RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of New York. HON. WILLIAM POTTER, of Chestnut Hill. HON. STEPHEN SALISBURY,i A.M., LL.B., of Worcester. HON. J. G. SCHMIDLAPP, of Cincinnati. PROFESSOR EDWIN R. SELIGMAN, LL.B., PH.D., of Columbia University. * Deceased. i Resigned. MANAGING COMMITTEE xix PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D. (ex officio, as Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School at Athens), of Yale University. PROFESSOR EDGAR S. S HUM WAY, PH.D., of Rutgers College. PROFESSOR M. S. SLAUGHTER. PH.D., of the University of Wisconsin. PROFESSOR FRANK SMALLEY, PH.D., of Syracuse University. PROFESSOR CLEMENT L. SMITH, LL.D. (Director of the School), of Har- vard University. PROFESSOR W. O. SPROULL, PH.D., LL.D., L.H.D., of the University of Cincinnati. MR. GEORGE R. STETSON, of Washington. MRS. CORNELIUS STEVENSON, Sc.D., of Philadelphia. MR. WALDO STORY, A.M., of Rome. PROFESSOR LEWIS STUART, A.M., of Lake Forest University. REV. HENRY VAN DYKE, D.D., of New York. COMMENDATORE PROFESsoRE ADOLFO VENTURI, Director-General of the National Galleries of Italy. REV. MARVIN R. VINCENT, D.D., of the Union Theological Seminary. PROFESSOR ARTHUR J. WALKER, A.M., of the University of Kansas. PROFESSOR WILLIAM R. WARE, LL.D., of Columbia University. PROFESSOR MINTON WARREN, PH.D., of Johns Hopkins University. HON. II. B. WENZEL, A.B., LL.B., of St. Paul. PROFESSOR ANDREW F. WEST, PH.D., of Princeton University. PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D., of Columbia University. PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D. (ex officio, as Presi- dent of the Institute), of Harvard University. VICE-CHANCELLOR B. L. WIGGINS, A.M., of the University of the South. PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, A.M. (ex officio, as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Institute), of Harvard University. archaeological institute of America COUNCIL OF THE INSTITUTE 1897-1898 President PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D., Harvard University, of the Boston Society. Honorary Presidents PROFESSOR CHAELES ELIOT NORTON, Lrrr.D., LL.D., Harvard University, of the Boston Society. PRESIDENT SETH LOW, LL.D., Columbia University, of the New York Society. Vice-Presidents PRESIDENT DANIEL C. OILMAN, LL.D., Johns Hopkins University, Presi- dent of the Baltimore Society. DR. WILLIAM PEPPER, LL.D., University of Pennsylvania, President of the Philadelphia Society. MR. MARTIN A. RYERSON, LL.B., Chicago, of the Chicago Society. HON. STEPHEN SALISBURY, A.M., LL.B., Worcester, of the Boston Soci- ety. PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D., Yale University, of the New York Society. Editor-in-Chief of the Journal PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, A.M., Harvard University, of the Boston Society. Other Members of the Council MR. GEORGE A. ARMOUR, A.M., Chicago, of the Chicago Society. MR. SELDEN BACON, A.M., LL.B., New York, of the Wisconsin Society. MR. DAVID L. BARTLETT, Baltimore, of the Baltimore Society. MR. CHARLES BUNCHER, Detroit, of the Detroit Society. MB. CLARENCE H. CLARK, Philadelphia, of the Philadelphia Society. iii iv ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, PH.D., LL.D., University of Michigan, Presi- dent of the Detroit Society. PROFESSOR HAROLD N. FOWLER, PH.D., Western Reserve University, of the Cleveland Society. PROFESSOR ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, Jit., PH.D., Princeton Univer- sity, of the Baltimore Society. MR. MALCOLM S. GREENOUGH, A.B., Cleveland, President of the Cleve- land Society. PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D., University of Chicago, President of the Chicago Society. MR. CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON, LL.D., Chicago, of the Chicago Society. MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., Boston, of the Boston Society. MR. JAMES LOEB, A.B. (TREASURER), New York, of the New York Society. MRS. NICHOLAS LONGWORTH, Cincinnati, President of the Cincinnati Society. PROFESSOR ALLAN MARQUAND, PH.D., L.H.D., Princeton University, of the New York Society. Miss ELLEN F. MASON, Boston, of the Boston Society. PROFESSOR EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY, PH.D., Columbia University, President of the New York Society. MR. FREDERIC J. DE PEYSTER, A.M., LL.B., New York, of the New York Society. PROFESSOR DANIEL QUINN, PH.D., Catholic University of America, Presi- dent of the Washington Society. MR. EDWARD ROBINSON, A.B., Boston, of the Boston Society. PROFESSOR M. S. SLAUGHTER, PH.D., University of Wisconsin, President of the Wisconsin Society. PROFESSOR FITZ GERALD TISDALL, PH.D., College of the City of New York, of the New York Society. PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D., Columbia University, of the New York Society. MRS. H. WHITMAN, Boston, President of the Boston Society. MR. CLARENCE H. YOUNG, PH.D. (SECRETARY), Columbia University, of the New York Society. Executive Committee PROFESSOR WHITE, 18, Concord Avenue, Cambridge, Mass. MR. HUTCHINSON, 2709, Prairie Avenue, Chicago, III. MR. LOEB, 27 and 29, Pine Street, New York, N. Y. DR. PEPPER, 1811, Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pa. PROFESSOR SEYMOUR, 34, Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Conn. Secretary DR. YOUNG, 308, West 58th Street, New York, N.Y. Treasurer MR. LOEB, 27 and 29, Pine Street, New York, N. Y. Institute of America EDITORIAL ANNOUNCEMENT THE Archaeological Institute of America was founded in 1879, ufor the purpose of promoting and directing archaeo- logical investigation and research, — by the sending out of expeditions for special investigation, by aiding the efforts of independent explorers, by publication of archaeological papers and of reports of the results of the expeditions which the Institute may undertake or promote, and by any other means which may from time to time appear desirable." In fulfilment of its purpose it early sent out archaeological expeditions to Assos in the Troad and to Mexico and the southwestern part of the United States, and subsequently an expedition to Crete. The results of these, at least in part, have already been published by the Institute in separate volumes. Of late, however, the Institute has carried on its archaeological explorations and excavations chiefly through the Schools of Classical Studies which it has founded in Greece and Italy. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens was established by the Institute in 1881, and that at Rome in 1895. As institutions in whose work archaeo- logical studies and research must be a very large element, the Institute has constantly maintained intimate relations with them, and has sought to promote their welfare in various ways, — especially by making regular appropriations for the explorations and excavations that have been carried on American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 1 Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. I (1897), No. 1. 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA by them for the Institute both in Greece and in Italy, for their publications, and for the maintenance of Fellowships. In the publication of archaeological material, the Institute, until the present year, has had no well-defined policy. The Annual Reports of the Council and other Reports of the Institute and of the School at Athens have been issued in separate pamphlets, and the scientific Papers of the Institute and of the School at Athens have for a long time been issued in various forms by different publishers. The Ameri- can Journal of Archaeology, First Series (1885-96), has pub- lished many papers of the School at Athens, and throughout the whole period of its existence has received an annual sub- vention from the Institute. It has, however, long seemed important that greater unity and uniformity should be given to the publications of the Institute. Accordingly, on May 8, 1897, upon the recommendation of the Managing Committees of the Schools at Athens and Rome, and after previous dis- cussion at a meeting in January, the Council of the Insti- tute adopted definite measures. The Council then determined that in future all the regular publications of the Institute and of the Schools of Classical Studies at Athens and Rome should be issued by the Institute, in periodical form, in a JOURNAL of its own ; this JOURNAL should be con- ducted by an Editorial Board which in its membership should represent the several interests of the Institute, and should consist of an Editor-in-Chief, chosen by the Council, two editors, chosen respectively by the Managing Com- mittees of the Schools of Classical Studies at Athens and Rome, and other editors, as the Council might determine, together with the President of the Institute and the Chair- men of the Managing Committees of the Schools at Athens and Rome as honorary members. This new periodical, by an arrangement made between the Council and the EDITOBIAL ANNOUNCEMENT 3 American Journal of Archaeology — to which all students of archaeology owe a large debt — was to be styled the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES : THE JOUR- NAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, and upon the close of the eleventh volume (1896) of the First Series was to replace and succeed the Journal and to receive its copyright, subscription list, and exchanges. These plans were at once carried into effect; the Edito- rial Board was organized and a publisher selected. The present issue is thus the first number of the JOURNAL of the Institute. The JOURNAL will be issued six times a year, ultimately — it is expected — at bimonthly intervals. The material to be published in it will comprise all the regular publications of the Institute and of the affiliated Schools and will be dis- tributed, as convenience may determine, in the different numbers of the JOURNAL for the year. This will include : I. Archaeological Papers of the Institute, in the fields of Ameri- can, Christian, Classical, and Oriental Archaeology ; Papers of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens; Papers of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome. II. Proceedings of the Institute; Summaries of Archaeological News and Discussions ; Classified Bibliography of current Archae- ological Literature ; Correspondence ; Notes and Notices. III. Reports of the Institute, including those of the Council, of the Managing Committees of the Schools of Classical Studies at Athens and Rome, and of other Committees of the Institute. IV. Bulletins (separately paged), containing miscellaneous mat- ter in general supplementary to that of the Reports. While they recognize the fact that archaeological research should set itself no bounds, the present editors of the JOURNAL are for obvious reasons desirous that American Archaeology in particular should once more become an important feature of the work of the Institute, and that it 4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA should find more frequent representation in the pages of its JOURNAL. The first number of the JOURNAL consists exclusively of the First Annual Report of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome (1895-96). The second number will contain the Annual Reports for 1896-97, — the Eighteenth Annual Report of the Council, the Sixteenth Annual Report of the School at Athens, and the Second Annual Report of the School in Rome, together with the names of the officers and members of the Institute and of the Schools. In general the Reports will be issued as the closing number of the yearly volume of the JOURNAL, but in view of the delay in the publication of the volume for 1897, the editors have deemed it expedient to issue them earlier this year. The third number and subsequent numbers will contain a series of Papers of the Institute relating to the Explorations in Crete conducted in 1893-94 by Professor Halbherr, under the auspices of the Institute and at its expense. These arti- cles will form a continuation of the Cretan Papers which have been begun in the concluding number of the First Series of the American Journal of Archaeology (Vol. XI, 1896, No. 4), soon to be issued. Further articles on the Cretan Expedition will also appear in the second volume of the JOURNAL. The fourth and following numbers of the first volume of the JOURNAL will contain, besides the Cretan Papers and various other articles on archaeological subjects, the miscel- laneous Papers of the American Schools of Classical Studies at Athens and Rome, Summaries of Archaeological News and Discussions, a classified Bibliography of current Archaeologi- cal Literature, and other matter of interest to members of the Institute and to other readers of the JOURNAL. American Sdjool of Classical Studies in i&ome FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES IN ROME [PLATES I-III] To the Council of the Archaeological Institute of America: GENTLEMEN, — I have the honor, as Chairman of the Man- aging Committee of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome, to submit to you a record of the establishment of the School, and of its management to the end of August, 1896, partly under my own Chairmanship, and partly under the Acting-Chairmanship of Professor Minton Warren and Pro- fessor Clement L. Smith ; together with my Report as Director of the School during its first year, 1895-96, and the Report of Professor A. L. Frothingham, Jr., as Associate Director during the same year. To these reports are added, in an Appendix, lists of the officers and members of the Managing Committee, of the faculty and students of the school in 1895- 96, and of contributors to current expenses ; a financial state- ment ; the regulations of the School ; a copy of the circular of information for persons who intend to become members ; and a statement with reference to Fellowships. For many years prior to 1894 Latinists and archaeologists in America had felt that the interests of learning in this country demanded the establishment of a School in Rome, which should be similar in its general character and aim to American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 5 Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. I (1897), No. 1. 6 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME the School at Athens. They believed, however, that the movement to establish such a School might, if undertaken too soon, work serious harm to the School already in existence, the interests of which were close to the hearts of all classical and archaeological scholars in the country. At the annual meeting of the Council of the Archaeological Institute held on May 12, 1894, letters were presented, which had been addressed independently to members of the Council by Professor Merrill, of Wesleyan University, and Professor Platner, of the Western Reserve University, urging the estab- lishment of a School in Rome. The Council took the matter into consideration and appointed a committee, consisting of Professors Goodwin, Seymour, and Frothingham, to consider the advisability of such a step, and to report at the next meeting of the Council. In the following December, during the session of the Con- gress of learned societies held at Philadelphia in honor of the late Professor Whitney, a more decisive step was taken. At a meeting of the Archaeological Institute, held on the 28th of the month, at which members of the American Philological Association were invited to be present and to participate in the proceedings, Professor Ware, of Columbia University, outlined the history and prospects of the new American School of Archi- tecture in Rome, which had been conceived by Mr. Charles F. McKim, of New York, and organized as a three years' experiment by professional architects in various parts of the country. At the conclusion of this account, Professor Ware, on behalf of this School, offered a welcome to any School of similar aims that might be founded, and invited it to share in the use of the build- ing which had already been engaged for the School of Architect- ure. Remarks were made by the Chairman (Professor Goodwin), and Professors Frothingham, White, Seymour, Warren, and Hale. The general conviction was that the hour for action had at last come. The following resolution was accordingly offered by Professor West, of Princeton University, seconded by Pro- fessor White, of Harvard University, and unanimously carried: FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 1 Resoh-ed : That this meeting appoints Professor "\V. G. Hale, of the University of Chicago, Professor Minton Warren, of the Johns Hopkins University, and Professor A. L. Frothingham, Jr., of Princeton University, a Committee (with power to add to their number) to inquire into the feasibility of establishing an American School in Rome in connection with the School of Architecture recently established, to communicate with the managers of this School of Architecture, and to report upon the matter to the Council of the Archaeological Institute of America. The members of the Committee thus appointed accepted the duties laid upon them. Professor Hale, as first named in the motion, was made Chairman of the Committee, and Professor Frothingham Secretary. Mr. C. C. Cuyler of New York consented to act as Treasurer. In accordance with the powers given them, and in the con- viction that it' was necessary to rouse interest in many parts of the country, the original Committee of three organized a Committee of seventy-five members, — consisting of both col- lege professors, or unattached scholars, and men in business, — representing forty-four different institutions and fifty-eight different cities. In the choice of these members, it was in general intended that each University or College represented should have one member of its faculty upon the Committee, and that this member should be a professional archaeologist, if a chair of archaeology existed in the institution. In only a few cases, and for reasons of special importance, was a second mem- ber of any faculty appointed. With the consent of this Com- mittee, obtained by correspondence, the original Committee prepared a circular, which set forth the purposes and needs of the School, and proposed that money be raised for an experi- ment of three years, — since, in the depressed financial condition of the country, it was obviously unwise to attempt to raise in four months a sum of money sufficient for a permanent endow- ment. This circular was widely distributed through the agency of the general Committee, and subscriptions were secured, most of which took the form of an annual payment for three years. When it appeared probable that enough money would be 8 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME subscribed to warrant the establishment of the School for the initial three years, a meeting of the entire Committee was appointed for May 18, 1895, at Columbia University. At the annual meeting of the Council of the Archaeological Institute, held in New York on May 11, 1895, the Com- mittee already referred to, consisting of Professors Goodwin, Seymour, and Frothingham, reported, through its Chairman, Professor Goodwin, that in its opinion it was desirable that such a School as had been contemplated should be established in Rome. The Committee appointed at Philadelphia next reported, through its Chairman and Secretary, who were members of the Council, that funds sufficient to warrant an experiment of three years had been secured. The Institute was then requested to take the proposed School under its patronage and authority, upon the same general terms on which it had founded the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, and to appoint the Committee of the School, as then constituted, its Managing Committee, giving it the power to enlarge, reduce, or otherwise change its membership, to elect its officers, to determine the name and scope of the School, and to establish its regulations. A motion granting these requests was then passed by the Council, subject to the provision that the relations of the School to the Institute should meet the approval of a Committee, which should consist of the President of the Institute and the Chairmen of the Managing Committees of the School at Athens and the School in Rome. It may here be stated in advance that the organization of the School as afterwards effected was satisfactory to this Committee, and that the School was accordingly taken into the desired rela- tions with the Institute. The Council of the Institute, further, at the request of the representatives of the School, granted the sum of six hundred dollars for a Fellowship to be held in Rome during the follow- ing year, and the sum of three hundred dollars for excavations. On May 18, the Managing Committee of the School met at Columbia University, and proceeded to effect a permanent or- FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 9 ganization. A Constitution was proposed, discussed, amended, and adopted. It was agreed, among other provisions, that the name of the School, which had intentionally been left undeter- mined until the general Committee should decide upon it, should be "The American School of Classical Studies in Rome." The sense in which this name is to be taken is explained in the first Regulation of the School. To the mind of the Committee the phrase " Classical Studies," which is sometimes too narrowly interpreted in this country, does not exclude Archaeology, but necessarily includes it. All archaeological studies that deal with Rome under the Early Monarchy, the Republic, and the Empire, or with Italian civilization outside of Rome, during these periods, are classical studies. The publications of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens have almost always been archaeological. In our School in Rome the teaching and the investigations of the past year have dealt exclusively with archaeological subjects ; for the deciphering of ancient documents written with a pen upon parchment or papyrus, — the only subject of our year's work the nature of which could be called in question, — is as truly archaeological as the deciphering of ancient inscriptions written with a sharp instrument or a brush upon walls, or incised upon stones. The publications, further, that will result from the year's activity, will be wholly archaeological, with the exception of a single paper, which, adducing new archaeological evidence to settle a linguistic question, will present the linguistic evidence along with the other. It may indeed safely be assumed that, in any School of Classical Studies conducted in Rome, the great claims of archaeology will securely maintain themselves. Since this is sure, the advantage of the title, as it now stands, is not only that it is in harmony with that of the sister School at Athens, but also that it leaves the Director of the School in Rome free to deal with any phase of classical work that can be done better in Italy than in America. And if, anywhere in our country, the phrase " Classical Studies " is narrowly and injuriously in- terpreted, the work and publications of the School in Rome 10 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME will perform a genuine service in disseminating broader con- ceptions of the nature and mission of such studies. After the adoption of the Constitution, officers and commit- tees were appointed. Professor Hale, of the University of Chicago, was elected Chairman, and Professor Froth ingham, of Princeton, Secretary, of the Managing Committee. Later in the meeting these gentlemen were elected respectively Director and Associate Director of the School in its first year, and to serve during their absence in Italy Professor Warren, of the Johns Hopkins University, was elected Acting Chairman, and Professor Platner, of the Western Reserve University, Acting Secretary, of the Managing Committee. Professor Warren was also elected to be Director of the School in its second year. Mr. Cuyler was elected Treasurer. A communication from the Managing Committee of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens was read, informing the Committee of the School in Rome that its- Chairman had been made a member, ex officio, of the Man- aging Committee of the School at Athens, and of its Execu- tive Committee, and that the President of the Archaeological Institute of America had similarly been made a member, ex officio, of both Committees of the School at Athens. In har- mony with this action, the Managing Committee of the School in Rome made the President of the Institute and the Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School at Athens members,. ex officio, of the Managing and Executive Committees of the School in Rome. The two Schools are thus happily and permanently connected with each other and with the Insti- tute by a provision which secures the constant acquaintance of each of these three bodies with the work and plans of the other two. In addition to the Fellowship of six hundred dollars, granted by the Institute as narrated above, a second Fellowship yield- ing the same amount was established by the Managing Com- mittee. To these two a third, with an income of five hundred dollars, was added, by friends of the School, through the FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 11 efforts of Professor Frothingham, to be open only to students in Christian Archaeology. The Fellowship in Christian Archaeology was subsequently awarded to the Rev. Walter Lowrie, a graduate of Princeton University and of the Prince- ton Theological Seminary ; the Fellowship of the School to Mr. William K. Denison, Bachelor of Arts of Tufts College and Master of Arts of Harvard University ; and the Fellow- ship of the Institute to Mr. Walter Dennison, Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts of the University of Michigan. The fund pledged to the support of the School was reported to be about $23,000. This amount was subsequently raised to 825,90s1 by an additional gift of three thousand dollars made by Mr. E. D. Morgan of Newport, R.I., and paid in a single sum in order that it might be used immediately in the purchase of the beginnings of a library. Some time before the meeting of our Managing Committee, the Managing Committee of the American School of Architect- ure in Rome, through Mr. C. F. McKim, its Treasurer, pro- posed the formation of an American Academy in Rome, to comprise the School of Architecture, the School of Classical Studies, and such other Schools of Art as might afterwards be established. The two fundamental ideas of the project, as advocated by Mr. McKim, were, first, that each School should be an integral part of the Academy, and, secondly, that sub- scriptions should be solicited, not for individual Schools, but for a common fund. There was much that was attractive in this plan. Although the several Schools would surrender their autonomy, yet there would be a distinct gain for each in being part of a powerful organization, which would appeal to the public for support with greater effect than could any School individually, and would lend to each member the com- bined impulse and the broad spirit of the whole. From the point of view of our own School, on the other hand, there was the danger of imperfect sympathy on the part of the other Schools, which, having different aims and methods, might not 1 This amount has since suffered some shrinkage. 12 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME clearly feel the value and recognize the needs of the kind of work which a body of specialists would see to be imperative for us. The question being a grave one, it would have been improper for our School to take any step before full discussion at a meeting of the Managing Committee ; and it was im- possible, by the time this stage had been reached, — namely, the middle of the summer, — to secure a proper attendance for such a meeting. The Executive Committee accordingly passed a general resolution expressing interest in the scheme, and promising that it should be considered by the Managing Committee at its next meeting. The history of the proceedings of the Managing Committee from the summer of 1895 to September 1, 1896, will be found in the Reports of Professors Warren and Smith, which follow. I have only to add, in retrospect of the entire period covered by these reports and my own, that the financial record of the School has on the whole been satisfactory. There has been a temporary difficulty in raising the special subscriptions neces- sary for the work at Beneventum (see the Reports of Pro- fessors Smith and Frothingham, pp. 16 and 57), and some of the original subscriptions have riot been paid ; but on the other hand I am glad to say that a saving of $1666.62 has been made upon the appropriations voted by the Managing Committee for the regular expenses of the School. WM. GARDNER HALE, Chairman. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. REPORT OF THE ACTING CHAIRMAN OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER, 1895, TO MAY, 1896 GENTLEMEN, — I have the honor to submit the following report as Acting Chairman of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome from the time of Professor Male's departure for Europe in September, 1895, to the meeting of the Manag- ing Committee held on May 7, 1896, inclusive. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 13 At the meeting of the Managing Committee on May 18, 1895, I was authorized to appoint a committee of conference, to con- sist of three members, of whom I was to be one, to confer with the representatives of the School of Architecture and of other Schools to be established in Rome, looking toward the estab- lishment of an American Academy in Rome. I accordingly appointed Professor Seymour, of Yale, and Professor Smith, of Harvard, to act with me on that committee. Professor Sey- mour and I were present at a meeting held in October in New York, but Professor Smith was unfortunately prevented from attending. Subsequently I attended two other less formal meetings held in New York, and considerable correspond- ence passed between the members of the committee and Pro- fessor Ware, of Columbia University, in reference to the draft of a proposed constitution for the Academy. It was at one time thought advisable to call a meeting of the Managing Committee at the Christmas holidays to consider the plan for an Academy, but as the whole scheme was not matured with sufficient definite- ness to be laid before the Committee, it was deemed wiser not to hold the meeting. Shortly after this, Mr. McKim went abroad for several months, and the whole matter was deferred to the May meeting. In the expectation that a meeting of the Managing Committee would be held at Christmas, the Director and Associate Director of the School had sent from Rome carefully prepared plans for the making of moulds of the arch of Trajan at Beneventum, and for investigations to be carried on by the School on the site of ancient Norba. As no meeting was held, the approval of these plans by the Executive Committee was secured by correspond- ence, so that the work might proceed without delay, and some special contributions were received for these objects. The annual meeting of the Managing Committee of the School was called for May 7, 1896. On the previous day, an informal meeting of a few of the promoters of the plan for an Academy took place, to which I was invited. At my request Professor Platner, of Western Reserve University, who was in New York, 14 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME was also asked to be present. Up to this time it had seemed quite possible for our School to cooperate in the establishment of the proposed Academy and still to preserve its own inde- pendence. At this meeting, however, it became apparent that our School as such could not become an integral part of the Academy, inasmuch as the representatives of the other Schools desired to have only a limited number of Fellows within the Academy building, thus excluding from its privileges most of the members of our School. It was, moreover, intimated that for the present the School would be expected to provide a fund for the Classical Fellowships out of its own resources, the endowment of the Academy not being adequate to pro- vide such Fellowships. These facts were stated to the Man- aging Committee at its meeting on May 7, by both Professor Platner and myself, and, while the spirit of that meeting was entirely friendly to the establishment of an American Acad- emy in Rome, the difficulties of making the American School of Classical Studies, which had already been taken under the protection of the Institute, an integral part of the Academy, were fully realized, and no action looking to the participation of the School in the plan for an Academy was taken, except that the Chairman was authorized to appoint a Committee for such further conference with the promoters of the plan as might be desired. The Committee appointed consisted of Professors Peck and Seymour, of Yale, and Professor Mer- rill, of Wesleyan ; and here the matter rested. At the second annual meeting of the Managing Committee, Professor Allan Marquand, of Princeton, was elected Professor of .Archaeology in the School for the year 1896-97, and Pro- fessor Clement L. Smith, of Harvard, Director of the School for the year 1897-98 ; and both of these gentlemen signified their acceptance of the appointments. The budget for the year 1896-97 was approved, and the Executive Committee was authorized to make further appropriations by unanimous vote. A Committee on Fellowships was appointed, consisting of Pro- fessors Hale, Smith, and Platner. The eighth Regulation was FIRST ANNUAL liEPORT, 1895-96 15 amended to its present form. The Executive Committee also voted that the Director should be authorized to have a book- plate made commemorating Mr. E. D. Morgan's gift of three thousand dollars for the library of the School, and to place it in books equal in value to that amount. The prelimi- nary reports of Professor Hale, the Director, and of Pro- fessor Frothingham, the Associate Director, which were read at the meeting, were listened to with great interest, as indi- cating that most gratifying progress had been made in the face of great difficulties toward the establishment of a per- manent School which was destined to be a credit alike to the Institute and to the country. MINTON WARREN, Acting Chairman. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. REPORT OF THE ACTING CHAIRMAN OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE, MAY TO OCTOBER, 1896 GENTLEMEN, — I have the honor to submit the following re- port as Acting Chairman of the Managing Committee of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome from the adjournment of the annual meeting of the Committee in May, 1896, to the return of Professor Hale and his resumption of duties as Chairman of the Committee in the autumn. During this period no meeting of the Managing Committee was held, but the Executive Committee was called to act in its behalf in two important emergencies. The first of these emergencies grew out of our relations with the School of Architecture, from which we had leased rooms in the Villa dell' Aurora for the year 1895-96. It had become clear, for the reasons set forth in Professor Warren's report, that a union of our School with the projected American Acad- emy, of which the School of Architecture was to be a constitu- ent part, was impracticable ; and as the Villa dell' Aurora would eventually be needed for the use of the Academy, the 16 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME question of our continuing to occupy rooms in the building demanded immediate consideration. The School of Archi- tecture, while desiring to retain us as tenants, could give us no assurance of possession for another year. The Executive Committee thereupon authorized Professors Hale, Warren, and Frothingham, acting as a Committee, to secure other suitable quarters for the School during the year 1896-97, or, if they deemed it more advantageous, for the two years 1896-98. This commission was carefully executed by the gentlemen named, who obtained for us a lease, until December 31, 1898, of the furnished villa at No. 2 Via Gaeta. On the completion of the casts of Trajan's Arch at Bene- ventum, since the collection of subscriptions had been slow, and since the cost had considerably exceeded what was re- garded as a liberal estimate, the Executive Committee, at the request of the Director and the Associate Director, authorized the Treasurer to advance a sum sufficient to meet the require- ments of the contract. The Committee made the appro- priation with some reluctance, but under the circumstances it seemed unavoidable. This temporary diminution of the funds of the School has now been nearly made good, and in the end they will probably suffer no loss from this source. The Committee, consisting of Professors Smith, Seymour, and Platner, appointed at the annual meeting to award the three Fellowships for 1896-97, considered the applications of the candidates. The Fellowship in Christian Archaeology was awarded to Mr. Albert F. Earnshaw, a graduate of Princeton in 1892, and of the Union Theological Seminary in 1896, — the only applicant. Mr. Walter Dennison was reappointed to the Fellowship by him held in 1895-96. The third Fellow- ship was awarded to Mr. Gordon J. Laing, a graduate of the University of Toronto in 1891, and a graduate student of the Johns Hopkins University since 1893. CLEMENT L. SMITH, Acting Chairman. HARVARD UNIVERSITY. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1895-96 To the Managing Committee of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome : GENTLEMEN, — I have the honor to submit my report as Director of the School in Rome during the year 1895-96. It should be borne in mind that, in this opening year, the Direction of the School had to feel its way, learning gradu- ally the resources that could be drawn upon, and the best order in which to employ them. The School started without traditions, except such as could be derived, on the score of relationship, from the elder School at Athens. The most important experience which that School had to impart was that, in a place where almost everything is new to the students, and where everything has a large lit- erature accumulated around it, the system of a dozen or so of hours of recitations or lectures a week must be abandoned. The study of a few fields, with time for thorough individual and independent research in each, — such was the programme of the School at Athens. The instructors and members of the School met on the appointed day, October 15, 1895, for preliminary organiza- tion. It was at once arranged that Mr. Walter Dennison, Fellow of the School, who had already spent some time in Rome, and had heard Professor Hiilsen's lectures on Topog- raphy the previous year, should take the students upon topo- graphical expeditions as a preparation for further work. Professor Frothingham and I began our instruction the next weak. He gave one lecture weekly upon Classical 17 18 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME Archaeology, and one upon Christian Archaeology. I gave two each week upon Epigraphy. While I was endeavoring to arrange for a course in Topog- raphy, I learned from Professor Hiilsen, Second Secretary of the German Archaeological Institute in Rome, that students of other Schools in the city were permitted to join the students of the German Institute, and that, in point of fact, his classes always contained such persons. He assured me that the stu- dents of the American School would be welcomed to his course on Topography. This invitation was gladly accepted. A similar arrangement exists in Athens, where the students of the American School are admitted to Dr. Dorpfeld's topo- graphical lectures. Our students had been advised to go to Germany, if possible, in the summer preceding the opening of the School, in order to increase their facility in written and spoken German. Several of them had done this; others were already able at least to read the language without great difficulty. Meanwhile, Mr. Dennison's methodical and careful topographical expeditions had continued, and the students had been making themselves familiar with the books of Middleton, Lanciani, and others. Thus Professor Hiilseri's lectures were from the beginning fairly understood, and in a short time the students were able to follow them with ease. The interest of the students was very great, and their personal devotion to Professor Hiilsen was marked. A pleasant indication of their feeling was given at Christmas time, in the presentation to him of a fine copy of a Pompeian bronze, the work of Sig. Angelo del Nero. In gaining admission to these lectures, which began in No- vember, we had come in contact with a definitely established system of work, the result of an experience of over fifty years in Rome. It will be worth while to state what that system is. Beginning ordinarily in the middle of November, Professor Hiilsen gives a course of eighteen or twenty lectures on Topography ; while these continue, no other work is given in the Institute. They occupy the time until Christmas. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1S95-96 19 About January 15, Professor Hiilsen begins a similar course in Epigraphy, lecturing in part at the Institute, but oftener in the museums. At the same time, the head of the Institute, Professor Petersen, begins a course of weekly lectures in the museums, not limited to any particular field, but dealing with the history and chronology of art. About ten of these lectures were given in the year 1895-96. Toward the end of March the students go to Greece. On their return, early in July, they are met by Dr. Mau at Pompeii, who directs their ten days' study of this city. This is all the stated work of the Institute. The theory upon which it is conducted is that, when advanced students take up a subject like Topography or Epigraphy, they need for it the whole or nearly the whole of their time. The German Institute holds open meetings every other week from December to April. The papers read are rarely presented by students ; most of them are by pro- fessors of the Institute, or by outsiders. It will be understood that the comparatively small amount of teaching, and the con- stant repetition of the subjects in which the professors of the Institute are incessantly working, give these scholars abundant leisure for research. When Professor Hiilsen's lectures began, it seemed neces- sary, for reasons made clear above, to postpone the courses which Professor Frothingham and I had been giving for a month. In other words, the situation forced us to adopt, at least temporarily, the system of the German Institute. I imagine that in the future the plans adopted by other directors will be substantially the same ; though modifica- tions may be introduced, due to the different stage of prep- aration at which our American students, for the present at least, begin their work. A modification was, indeed, introduced in the present year, as will appear. In due season I made my official calls upon the heads of other schools in Rome, and from all I received the greatest courtesy. From one in particular, Professor von Sickel, Director of the Austrian Historical Institute, and a noted 20 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME palaeographist, I received information which proved to be of great value ; namely, that a course of lectures on Palaeography was soon to be opened at the Vatican by Professor Melampo, recently appointed to the chair made vacant by the death of Professor Carini ; and that I could probably gain admission for our students. I accordingly went to the opening lecture, taking with me two men, by way of experiment, to see how they would profit from a lecture in Italian. The introduction was well arranged, and the students found the lecturer's Italian singularly clear and easy to follow. All the regular members of the School attended the next meeting, and it was decided to ask Professor Melampo and Cardinal Galimberti, whose consent was necessary, to permit our students to attend regularly. At this second meeting we found the long tables in front of the benches covered with copies of reproductions of a page of manuscript, sufficient in number to give a copy to each student, or to each pair of students ; and a large part of the work of the hour consisted in the transliteration of the repro- duction. The same general system was followed throughout the course. Every day there was a practical exercise, preceded, sometimes, by a brief lecture. This exercise took, at times, the form of simple transliteration, at others the form of written answers to questions suggested by the facsimiles set before the class. The work occupied three hours a week, and, from December 3, when it opened, until the close of the course in Topography at Christmas time, our students were kept very busy, both by the novelty of the subjects studied and, — a serious factor in Rome, where Horace's irony calls the distances humane commoda, — by the wide separation of the places of work from one another and from the School building. Here, then, is the modification of the system of the German Institute spoken of above. While we have adopted the prin- ciple of concentration, and the idea that most courses should cover about twenty conferences, we have not been able to have merely a single course going on at a time. There are certain subjects upon which it is important that every student who FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 21 comes for a single year only — and the majority of our students will for some time be such — should make at least a begin- ning. It is to be expected, however, that within a few years our students will bring with them at least an elementary knowledge of Epigraphy, Palaeography, and Archaeology in the narrower sense ; and, to this extent, they will be able to devote themselves with greater concentration to a few fields. In addition to the courses already mentioned, it seemed desirable to provide for our students, if possible, a course in Numismatics, not only because of the general interest of the subject itself, and its importance to Roman History, Roman Portraiture, and Roman Epigraphy, but also because of the zeal with which several of them had privately begun to study coins. This course should be given by a trained specialist, with a large collection of coins at his service. A most suitable person, if arrangements could be made with him, was unquestionably Professor Stevenson, Curator of Coins at the Vatican. Such a course had never been given, however, nor was the public admitted to the coin-room, and Professor Stevenson was in doubt whether the plan was possible. It could not be carried out without the consent of the highest authority. His Holiness the Pope, however, with that liber- ality with which he has always treated questions affecting the advancement of scholarship, gave his approval, and the arrangement was made. Only students of the American School were admitted to the course, and, since the treasury of the School bore all charges, it may be viewed as our own course, — though made possible for us only by the generosity of the Papal government and the enthusiasm of Professor Stevenson himself. In order to save time, the hour in Numismatics was set directly after the hour in Palaeography. The course was intended to continue ten weeks, with two exercises a week. In consequence, however, of the illness of the lecturer during part of the time, only twelve lectures were actually given. The course in Numismatics began in the second week of January, upon the opening of the active work of the Vatican 22 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME after the holidays. At about the same time, Professor Froth- ingham resumed his weekly lectures in Pagan and Christian Archaeology, and continued them until the students went to Greece, except when obliged to be absent on account of the work at Norba. During the last weeks of January, accordingly, most of our students had six stated exercises of an hour each, weekly, three in Palaeography, one in Archaeology, and two in Nu- mismatics. Early in February I resumed my own course on Epigraphy, and from this time until March 26, when our stu- dents began their tour in Greece, I conducted two weekly exer- cises, usually of an hour and a half each, sometimes of two hours and a half, when the omission of other work made this possible. The introductory lectures of the first month of the year had been given in the School building. When these, for reasons given above, were postponed, I arranged that, in preparation for work at a later time before the inscriptions themselves, the students should first make themselves familiar with Cagnat's Epigraphie Latine, then read Wilmanns's Selec- tions and parts of the Corpus, and add to this whatever experi- mentation they could find time for, as they went about in the museums. When we met again, I found, of course, different stages of preparation ; but all were then at a stage at which profitable work could be carried on, by the members of the class, in face of the inscriptions themselves. In the conduct of the course, I took up the inscriptions by subjects. In some cases I gave a brief introductory lecture ; in others, I spent a large part of the time in interpreting. In the main, however, the reading and interpretation were done by the students. Sometimes a number of easy inscriptions would be interpreted, after previous study, by a single person ; some- times to two or even three persons would be assigned a difficult inscription or a difficult group. My endeavor was always to select inscriptions which should throw light upon one another, and, if possible, fix in the memory, without sensible effort, facts difficult to retain when simply read about, together with a mass FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 23 of other particulars, in a book. Some time having been given to the study of the inscriptions assigned, the remainder of the period was then devoted to the work of interpreting, the whole class giving its attention to the interpreter, and, as far as possible, making corrections or suggestions where he was at fault. I cannot, of course, speak of the interest of the students themselves, which doubtless varied, but my own interest and pleasure in the work were very keen. I could not have fore- seen how great the difference would be between reading the inscriptions in the Corpus or in printed selections, and reading the actual inscriptions themselves, as the stone-cutter and time had left them, with all their variations of style and legibility ; to say nothing of the human interest often lent to them by the form of the monument upon which they were cut, and their sculptured accessories. Nor could I have anticipated how great would be the pleasure in the exercise of restoring imper- fect stones, when seen precisely as they are, and without the solutions generally provided in the Corpus. To these advan- tages should be added the heightened sense of reality and importance that are given, by the surroundings of the student in Rome, to matters of ancient administration and history, which play so large a part in the interpretation of Latin inscriptions. In addition to this course in Epigraphy, I had hoped to give a course in Roman Private Life, especially as represented on the monuments. Such a course could be made of great value to students, and would doubtless also stimulate some of them to give courses upon the same subject in the university and college positions which it is hoped that most of them will eventually hold. While many photographs can already be had to illustrate the subject, the number of useful things remaining unphotographed is great, and some future director or professor can render a service to the School, and to American teachers, by having photographs made, and then preparing a classified list of available material which might be had by any scholar or University. I had myself hoped to begin this undertaking ; but I had altogether underrated the amount of time which 24 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME would have to be devoted, in this opening year, to work that leaves no visible evidence behind it. The sketch which I have just given of the arrangements thus far made for the School omits to mention the fact that a few of our students attended Professor Peterson's lectures in the winter. Mr. Walter Dennison, who, in Archaeology, was in advance of the rest of the School, was able to command a good deal of time for the further study of Epigraphy, includ- ing the Epigraphy of the Italic Dialects, and for a substantial piece of work upon an epigraphical subject, which was under- taken at my suggestion. Through the kind offices of Father Farrelly, Acting Head of the American College in Rome, admission had been procured for the Rev. Walter Lowrie, our Fellow in Christian Archae- ology, and Mr. Branson, special student in the History of Art, to the lectures of Professor Armellini, of the College of the Propaganda, on Christian Archaeology. These lectures were not given, however, in consequence of the unhappy death of the lecturer. The resources of Rome in advanced work of a kind suitable for our students are extremely rich. Beside all that I have mentioned, there remain courses, in the University of Rome, in Topography, Greek Epigraphy, Greek Archaeology, and similar subjects, given by Lanciani, Halbherr, and Loewy, to which members of our School would be welcomed. As to the lan- guages employed in these and other courses, it is one of the good fruits of the year that spoken German arid Italian have lost their terrors for most of our students. While the officers and students of the School were thus engaged, the School undertook three other pieces of work, in two of which it was measurably successful. In the third, though unsuccessful, it reached indirectly results of great importance. It is the policy of the Italian Government not to grant rights of independent excavation to foreign Schools. Professor Frothingham, however, believing that this policy might be FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 25 changed, proposed a plan of excavations on the site of the city and necropolis of the ancient Norba, which was destroyed in the civil wars in the time of Sulla. As a preliminary, it seemed to him best to make such a study of the site of the town as was possible without excavation, and he accordingly, at the cost of much time and labor, prepared an excellent and interesting topographical plan of the ancient city. He also succeeded in tracing a system of ancient roads, not hitherto known, which connected Norba with the adjacent towns. He spoke on these two subjects at the meeting of the German Institute on April 10. In the course of his work, it became clear that the traditional policy of the Italian Government, which does not grant the rights to make excavations (scavi~) to foreign Schools, would be maintained, and that, in this im- portant field at Norba, we should not be allowed even to make probings (tasti). We were obliged, therefore, to remain con- tent with the results which could be obtained "by surface work. Fortunately these are valuable, and do Professor Frothingham and the School much credit. The School engaged also in a second project which was pro- posed by Professor Frothingham, and, upon our joint recom- mendation, was approved by the Executive Committee at home. — the making of moulds from the Arch of Trajan at Beneven- tum. For this we succeeded in obtaining the consent of the Italian Government. Money for the purpose was raised, partly in America, — mainly through the efforts of the Acting Chair- man, Professor Warren, and of Professor Kelsey, of Michigan University, — and partly, by the Associate Director and the Director, among American residents or visitors in Italy. The sculptures of the arch are in remarkably good preservation, and belong to the best period of Roman art. One of them, indeed, — the group of four gods watching the scene below, — is per- haps the noblest piece of Roman sculpture that has come down to us. The task was well worth accomplishing, and forms a happy continuation of the work recently undertaken by the German Institute in making casts of the Column of Marcus 26 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME Aurelius in Rome. Both these projects will be dealt with more fully in Professor Frothingham's Report. A third project was less successful. The indirect conse- quences were, however, of immediate value, and led ultimately to results greater than I should have dared to hope for in the beginning. I had desired that the School should publish a complete facsimile of some important manuscript. Nothing appeared better suited to this purpose than the Codex Vetus (B) of Plautus, in the possession of the Vatican Library. Through Father Ehrle, the Prefect of the Library, I made for- mal application, on behalf of the School, for the right to pub- lish this manuscript in facsimile. It then appeared that the authorities of the Vatican Library had recently decided, from time to time and as success seemed to warrant, to publish reproductions of manuscripts ; and the importance of this manuscript of Plautus was clearly recognized. I therefore abandoned all idea of publishing any manuscript in the Vati- can Library, and visited the Laurentian Library in Florence, desiring to see the condition of the two manuscripts (Laur. 68, 1 and 2) containing different parts of the Annals of Tacitus (the sole authority for the Annals), and the manuscript (Laur. 51, 10) of Varro De Lingua Latina. One of these I hoped we might be allowed to publish. I was kindly received by the Prefect, Signer Biagi, but was informed that the Library had recently adopted a plan of issuing publications of this sort, and that we could not be allowed to publish any manuscript inde- pendently. It appeared, too, that even participation with the Library in the publication of a facsimile would be impossible without the consent of the general Government, and that it was morally sure that such consent would not be granted. We had thus encountered the same difficulty from the side of the Government which we had experienced before from the side of the Vatican, — the natural, but for us unfortunate, desire of the Government and the Vatican to have matters of scientific research and publication, in the case of all fresh materials, con- ducted in their own names. It is still probable that we may be FIEST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 27 allowed to publish manuscripts from libraries of less importance in Italy which are under the control of the local government, or from libraries outside of Italy, as in Switzerland, Spain, France, or England. It would be difficult to overestimate the value of such work in stimulating the interest of American students in a field of great consequence to American editors of the classics. My plans, then, did not succeed in the form in which I had projected them ; but the indirect results of the attempts were at once fortunate. The Prefect of the Vatican Library, seeing the interest taken by the School in the study of Palae- ography, opened the Vatican Library, for actual work, first to some of our men, and then to all. No manuscript upon which any of them desired to work, no matter how precious, was withheld. The importance of the privileges thus opened to the School can hardly be exaggerated, especially if we should be limited in the field of archaeological exploration at first hand. The resources of the Vatican seem to be inexhaustible, and not only will there always be opportunities for highly specialized work, here and elsewhere in Italy, but there actually are at present a great many inedited manuscripts of value even in Rome ; while the possibility of some fresh discovery is always present. Some of our men acquired a taste which will bring them back to European libraries in the future ; and several of them engaged in work which is going to bear immediate fruit. Mr. Shipley undertook a study of the ninth century manuscript (Reginensis 762) of the third decade of Livy (uni- versally recognized as a copy of the Paris manuscript P, of the fifth or sixth century), with a view to illustrating by examples what has heretofore been largely a matter of infer- ence; namely, what actually happens in the way of mis- understanding and corruption, or, on the other hand, of intentional correction and reconstruction, in the transmission of texts through the repeated process of copying. Dr. Burton and Mr. W. K. Denison, who had both made a special study 28 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME of Catullus at Harvard, began work tentatively upon two inedited manuscripts of this author. Mr. Tamblyn made an examination of the alphabets of certain early manuscripts ; but a task of more immediate importance was later found for him. So much for the regular work of the School up to the time of the departure of the students for Greece. In addition there is a number of lectures and excursions to chronicle. In Janu- ary, Professor Waldstein lectured in the Conservatori Museum, with his accustomed skill and contagious enthusiasm, upon the subject of Archaic and Archaistic Sculpture, and quickened the desire of our students to visit Greece. A few of our men were also able to attend Professor Petersen's valuable lectures in the museums in the winter, and several of them went with him upon his excursion to Hadrian's Villa. Later in the year, Professor Lanciani, the charm of whose lecturing is well-known to American audiences, accompanied the entire School upon a memorable expedition to Ostia. In April, Professor Marucchi, Curator of the Egyptian Museum in the Vatican, a well-known authority upon Christian Archaeology, took the School upon three visits to the three most important catacombs, devoting the whole afternoon in each case to the expedition. In April also, Father Ehrle, Prefect of the Vatican Library, conducted the School through the Library, devoting more than two hours to the showing of its most famous manuscripts. In the autumn took place Professor Frothingham's visits with the School to the sites of ancient hill-towns in Latium, and his visit to some of the necropoleis of Etruria ; of these he will speak in his report. In the spring I visited with the School the valley and probable site of Horace's Sabine farm, and, on the last day of our work before the departure of our students for Greece, Livia's Villa at Porta Prima. By means of the bicycle, — a most efficient auxiliary in a country of such excellent roads as Italy possesses, — our stu- dents were able to make themselves thoroughly familiar with the Campagna, and to visit easily many points of note in it FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 29 and beyond it, such as Veil, Livia's Villa at Porta Prima, Soracte, Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli and the valley of the Anio beyond, Frascati, Albano, the Alban Lake, the lake of Nemi, Ostia, and the Sacred Grove of the Arval Brothers. From such excursions one carries away not only a serviceable acquaintance with places of archaeological consequence, but, — what is hardly secondary in importance, — lasting memories of color and atmosphere and form of a noble and varied land- scape, filled with historical and literary associations of the highest interest. By the eighth Regulation provision is made whereby our students may go to Greece for two months of work. This provision, which represents the unanimous opinion of the Committee that drew it up, is wise. There is a certain loss, to be sure, especially for those who can remain but a single year abroad, in an absence of two months from Rome, just at the time when, if they are to succeed in doing a special piece of work, they are ripening for it. But, on the other hand, the fortunes of Greek and Latin studies are ultimately indissol- ubly linked, and the completest sympathy is desirable between specialist workers in the two parts of what is really but a single field. Just as it is impossible fully to understand Latin literature without a knowledge of Greek literature, is it impossible fully to understand the visible remains of Roman civilization without a direct and sympathetic, even if not detailed, knowledge of the visible remains of Greek civiliza- tion. It should become the tradition of our School, as it has for many years been the tradition of the German Archaeologi- cal Institute in Rome, that students who have not yet been in Greece should make a visit there for serious work in the spring. Neither Professor Frothingham nor I accompanied the stu- dents to Greece. He, as is already apparent, was busily occu- pied with the prosecution of the work at Norba and Beneven- tum, and I had work to do which will presently be described. By a Regulation of the Roman School — repeated conversely 30 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME iii the case of the Regulations of the School at Athens — the students are under the general direction, while in Greece, of the head of the Greek School. Our students, then, at the end of March found their way, by various routes and in various parties, to Athens, several accompanying Mr. Lord, the Director of the School of Architecture, who took the members of that School to Greece by way of Sicily. One definite arrangement had been made for our students in advance by correspondence. Professor Dorpfeld, one of the Secretaries of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens, makes, annually, an excursion through Peloponnesus, and an- other among the Greek Islands, with students of the German School and others who may arrive from Germany ; and mem- bers of our School at Athens have each year been permitted to take part. In the first year of the Roman School, on account of the large number of people who went to Athens to see the Olympic Games, the applications for the excursion were unusually numerous. Still it was arranged that two stu- dents of the School should take part in the first excursion and five in the second. Seven of our students accordingly had the benefit of Dr. Dorpfeld's personal guidance over Greek ground. Apart from instruction received, acquaintance thus formed with a scholar who is a recognized leader in his specialty is of great effect in quickening the spirit and ambition of the young student ; and the same quickening influence was, of course, exerted upon the members of our School by their asso- ciation in Rome with men of the first rank in their profession. Our students bore well the strain put upon their loyalty to Italy by their stay in what is, in many ways, the most exquisite country in the world. One of them wrote that, while they had greatly enjoyed Greece and Athens, they were at heart a little homesick for'Rome, and would be quite ready to return. This is fortunate ; for, while Greek literature appeals to young minds and old minds alike, a real appreciation of Roman literature demands a certain maturity ; and it is well if this difference, which tends to carry a majority of our young graduate stu- FIRST ANNUAL RE POET, 1895-96 31 dents into Greek rather than into Latin, can to some extent be offset by the power which Rome itself exerts upon those who go there to study. The hurried traveller often misses it ; but those who live for any length of time in the great city which was the centre of the civilizing and organizing power of the ancient world, come, if they have any historical sense, to feel profoundly that sentiment which led the ancient Romans so often to call the city, in their inscriptions, the urbs sacra. This sense of the great place of Rome in the world will never pass away. Mommsen, the last speaker at the closing session of the year at the German Institute, said, in the language which is de rigueur at these meetings, " noi passiamo : Roma resta eterna." To bring our future professors of Latin in colleges, and teachers of Latin in schools, under the power of this spell, and so to make them better professors and teachers, and the study of Latin a more human and civilizing study, is one of the main aims of the School in Rome. It remained for our students, on their return from Greece, to see Pompeii and the Museum of Naples, methodically and intelligently. This calls for the best expert guidance. The School was so fortunate as to make an arrangement with Dr. August Mau, the well-known editor of Overbeck's Pompeii, and undoubtedly the first expert in the field. Toward the end of May, he met our students, together with several students from the Greek School, and spent seven afternoons with them in Pompeii, and three days in the Museum of Naples. The specific plan of work was that each student, with Dr. Mau's Guide to Pompeii in hand, should each morning prepare him- self by going over an assigned route ; after which Dr. Mau was to accompany the party in the afternoon, and, assuming an acquaintance with all that is said in the Guide, devote himself to more advanced and detailed discussion. The advantage to our students of doing this work under the best possible guid- ance will be appreciated by the Managing Committee in America, as it was by the students themselves. It is to be hoped, too, that the arrangements which have been made 32 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME this year with Dr. Mau, Professor Stevenson, and Professor Marucchi, may be continued from year to year, and become a regular part of our work. The course given by Professor Marucchi, indeed, might profitably be doubled in length, for the sake of students who may be specializing in Christian Archaeology. The Regulations of the School provide for stated work only up to the first of June, but both Professor Frothingham and I recognized long beforehand that we could not leave Rome so early. His task at Norba would evidently not be completed so soon ; and it was also clear that I should need to remain to guide the students, upon their return, in the final stages of work in Rome, undertaken with a view to publication. During the absence of the students in Greece I had two tasks in hand : first, the testing of work done by the four who had been studying manuscripts in the Vatican Library ; and, secondly, the collection of evidence, which I expected to find in certain early manuscripts, upon an interesting and peda- gogically important question of Latin pronunciation, — the division of consonants between syllables. I had long been convinced, with a very few other Latinists, of the urisoundness of the orthodox doctrine that, of a group of consonants between two vowels or diphthongs, as many consonants were pronounced with the following vowel or diphthong as can begin a Latin word (or a Latin word borrowed from the Greek) ; and it had long been clear that no intelligible system of quan- titative pronunciation could be laid down for teachers and students until this traditional doctrine should be driven out of our text-books. But I had not had time to put my views into print, or even to complete the evidence which I had begun to collect, from the occasional division of syllables by points in Roman inscriptions ; while one class of evidence, namely, the actual division in early manuscripts, was inaccessible to me upon any serious scale. In the course of my teaching in Rome, the practical work in Epigraphy had led to renewed interest in collecting the evidence of inscriptions ; and, on FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 33 the other hand, what fugitive time 1 had already been able to get for manuscript study in Rome had made it clear that, as I had long surmised from the study of the published specimen facsimiles of single sheets of various manuscripts, this im- portant evidence would also be against the prevailing doctrine. I therefore spent a considerable part of my time, during the absence of the students in Greece, in work upon early prose manuscripts. Since these were palimpsests and were generally in a bad condition, the work was slow and arduous, but it yielded the results which I had expected, and proved to be so important that I have arranged to have similar data obtained for me from a number of early manuscripts in various other libraries in Italy, France, Germany, and Austria. My paper on this subject, if acceptable, will be published in the Journal, and will be supplemented by a paper undertaken by Mr. Walter Dennison, on the division of syllables in inscriptions where words are divided at the end of the lines. If I am not mis- taken, the two papers together will constitute an authoritative and final settlement of the question. I presented a condensed statement of my conclusions, covering the whole ground, at the final meeting of the German Archaeological Institute,— the " Adunanza Solenne " of the year, held upon the traditional birthday of the City. In addition to this work for the proposed paper, I was engaged, during the students' absence in Greece, in an exam- ination of the work which they had done upon manuscripts in the Vatican Library. Since this was their first attempt, it was necessary that the results should be minutely scruti- nized. I further desired to study the Vatican manuscripts of Catullus myself, in order to ascertain which were best worth collating. Of the modern editors of Catullus, — Ellis, Baehrens, Schulze, Schwabe, Haupt, Schmidt, Riese, Rostand and Benoist, Nigra, Giri, Postgate, Palmer, Owen, Merrill, and others, — none mentions ' the existence of any Vatican manuscript except the one known as V, which was collated by Umpfenbach, before 1867, for Professor Ellis's monumental 34 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME edition. In answer to a letter of inquiry, I was informed that Theodor Heyse, in the first edition (1855) of his CatuWs Buck der Lieder in deutscher Nachbilding, — an edition now little known, and at the moment inaccessible to me, — enumerates six more manuscripts of Catullus as existing in the Vatican. Not understanding in advance the system of catalogues of the Vatican Library, which is in effect an accumulation of cat- alogues as they have been made from time to time during a long period, I began at one end of the catalogue shelf and went through to the other. In this way I found that there were in the Library, not seven, but twelve manuscripts of Catullus ; although a mistake in the catalogue number for a time baffled my attempts to get hold of the twelfth. Of the eleven on which I could lay my hands I made a long and careful com- parative test. Before going farther in my account, it will be helpful if I make a brief statement of the present condition of the general problems of the text of Catullus. There are some seventy-five manuscripts of Catullus in ex- istence. Of these, two have been universally recognized as of the first importance, — the Paris manuscript known as G, and the Bodleian manuscript at Oxford known as O. In addi- tion to these, a single poem is found in a ninth century collec- tion, known as T, in the National Library in Paris. All these manuscripts go back to the same ultimate source, and accord- ingly form but a single family. The Paris manuscript (G), according to a statement at the close, is generally believed to have been copied in the year 1375 in Verona ; and certain verses, likewise found at the close, show that the manuscript from which it was copied had been discovered in Verona, or discovered elsewhere and brought to Verona, somewhere in the first quarter of the century. That manuscript, which seems to have disappeared early, and which probably will never be seen again, is the source of all the manuscripts which have come down to us, with the exception of that of the ninth century mentioned above. The Oxford manuscript bears no FIRST ANNUAL BEPORT, 1895-96 35 date, but is at least not much younger than the Paris manu- script. The Paris and Oxford manuscripts alone are supposed to be direct copies from the lost Verona manuscript, or but slightly removed from it. All the other manuscripts are copies of copies, and the great question with regard to them has been whether they were all derivable from one of the two principal manuscripts, or whether some of them were derived from still another copy or copies, since lost, of the lost Verona manuscript. In the latter case their evidence, after careful cross-examination and sifting, should be taken into account in reconstructing the text of this lost Verona manuscript, from which obviously all attempts to restore the extremely corrupt text of Catullus must proceed. Especial interest attaches to a manuscript in the Li- brary of St. Mark in Venice, and to a manuscript in Berlin known as D. The general opinion is that D, and a few manu- scripts of less importance closely related to it, represent an inde- pendent tradition of the lost Verona manuscript; as regards the St. Mark manuscript, opinions differ, some scholars holding that it is an excellent manuscript and represents a genuine inde- pendent tradition, others believing that it is simply a derivative of the Paris manuscript, into which a number of wild guesses of the scribe have been inserted. My hope, in setting our stu- dents to work upon the manuscripts in the Vatican, was that some further light might be shed on these problems. Even if the manuscripts proved to be in themselves distinctly inferior, they might possibly be put to service as connecting links. Making my tests, T found that six of them were late and poor. These six I afterwards put into the hands of Mr. Dixon, who obtained their readings in a number of critical passages, and will publish a brief paper upon them in the Journal, to the end that the whole subject of the Vatican manuscripts of Catul- lus may be left in a finished state by the conclusion of the year's work. The results, however, are not wholly negative, for in a general way the relations of these manuscripts can be made out. Moreover, — as I suspected at the time, and as I afterwards determined by a personal examination of the six British Museum 36 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME manuscripts from which Professor Ellis gives occasional cita- tions, — the six less important manuscripts in the Vatican are of equal value with these. The four remaining manuscripts out of the eleven proved to be of such a character that, upon the return of the students from Greece, I had all four collated, — one by Dr. Burton (the manuscript, as it chanced, upon which he had been previously engaged), and the other three by Mr. William K. Denison, Mr. Tamblyn, and Mr. Holmes. These manuscripts seem to me to belong probably not below the second rank, and to promise to prove worthy of a place in any complete critical apparatus. Some of them present individual wildnesses, but this is also true of the Berlin manuscript D, and of the manuscript H in Hamburg, which are both cited in any con- siderable apparatus. Moreover, a good deal of interesting light is thrown by these new manuscripts upon the relation- ships of already known manuscripts to one another. The twelfth manuscript, as implied above, did not appear when sent for, but in its stead, and under the number attached to it, came a manuscript of another author. Here, then, I was at the point at which undoubtedly Heyse had been before me ; for his book, of which I afterward obtained a copy, enumerates, I found, not seven Vatican manuscripts, but eleven, — two of them from the same collection — the Ottoboni, — to which the missing one belonged, so that he could not have seen their titles in the catalogue without seeing the title of the twelfth manu- script as well. It is pathetic to read his appendix, dated from Rome itself, and to know that, as he wrote it, there slumbered, on a shelf of a Library in which he had examined eleven manu- scripts of his favorite author, a twelfth which was greater than any and all of them. Heyse does not, however, even mention the existence of a twelfth title ; and it is possibly owing to this apparent completeness and actual incomplete- ness of his list that the twelfth manuscript has remained unknown until the present time. In my own case, the knowledge of the probable existence of an unknown docu- FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 37 ment, even among so many, roused the deepest interest. The chances were of course that it was of no value ; but there was also the possibility of the opposite. In addition, I had desired to be able to give a complete account of the Vatican manuscripts of Catullus when the results of our first year's work should be published. I therefore, after wasting some time in experimenting with variations upon the catalogue num- ber, asked to see the Ottoboni Inventorio, or catalogue by numbers, such as exists for each of the title-catalogues of the Library. Through the courtesy of the Prefect, these Inventori are now more easily accessible to scholars than formerly, but there never has Jbeen a time when a proper person could not obtain the privilege of consulting them. It required but a few minutes of running to and fro in the Ottoboni Inven- torio in the neighborhood of the hundred to which the num- ber in the title catalogue belonged to find the true number. The manuscript was brought me, and from the first glance I thought it probably was — as it afterward proved to be — a hitherto unknown manuscript of the same general class and of like value with the great manuscripts of Oxford and Paris. It would be premature to state the conclusions to which I find myself tending. It must suffice here merely to call attention to the obvious importance of this new light upon the problems of the criticism of Catullus. Moreover, we have in the Codex Romanus (R), as I have named the manuscript, not simply a third witness of credibility, — we have a third witness which is in some respects of greater competency than either of the others. The new manuscript is not only the most beautifully executed of the three, but it is actually the richest. Of the so-called double or triple readings (which have arisen in good part from the doubts of a scribe or scribes with regard to the actual reading of the text from which the copy was made), but few are found in the Oxford manuscript, ninety-three in the Paris manuscript, and a hundred and thirty-three in the new Roman manuscript. As to the date of the Roman manuscript, the " 71 Carte 39," 38 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME or "No. 71, 39 Sheets," at the top of the first page (see the accompanying facsimile, PLATE I), makes it morally certain that it once belonged to Coluccio Salutati, the noted humanist, a younger contemporary and friend of Petrarch, a great collector of manuscripts in the midst of his busy work as a Florentine magistrate, and the writer of three extant letters of the year 1374, asking for a copy of the Verona manuscript, or for the loan of the manuscript itself that he might have a copy made. In a forthcoming number of the Journal, each of the six students of the School engaged in the study of the Vatican manuscripts of Catullus will have a short paper upon the par- ticular manuscript, or set of manuscripts, upon which he worked, and these will be followed by a combined collation of the five more important manuscripts, made up of the separate collations of Messrs. Burton, Denison, Holmes, Tamblyn, and myself. I am glad to be able to announce also that, at my request and upon my representation of its importance, the authorities of the Vatican have consented to publish a facsimile of the newly found manuscript. This will appear at the same time with our collation of the Vatican manuscripts, and will contain a statement that the manuscript was discovered by the Director of the School, and that it is published at his request. The details of photographing, printing, binding, cost, etc., have been left in my hands. Although the work will be thoroughly well done, I have been able to arrange for a lower price than has yet been made for any such publication. It is proper for me to state that, in order to make the venture feasible from the publisher's point of view, I have personally engaged myself to take a certain number of copies for America. The School incurs no risk in the matter. I desire to record my indebtedness also to the Council of the Vatican for permission to work ten additional days after the library was closed for the summer. The late discovery of the manuscript, and the need of devoting more or less atten- tion, while collating it, to the work of the six students who FIRST ANNUAL EEPORT, 1895-96 39 were occupied with other manuscripts, kept me from finishing my collation before the first of July, and I should have been obliged to remain until the reopening of the library in October, if this special privilege, now rarely given, had not been granted. In the Classical Review for July, 1896, I made a brief state- ment of my discovery ; and the kindness of Professor Lanciani brought me an invitation, which I gladly accepted, to present a paper on the subject before the Reale Accademia dei Lincei in Rome. I may in this connection anticipate a part of my narrative by saying that the promise which I thought I divined in the new manuscript for the settlement of the question of the origin of the secondary manuscripts led me to desire a further knowledge of the more important of the latter than even Professor Ellis's apparatus gives ; and that I accordingly arranged to have com- plete collations made, during the summer vacation, of the two which are reported to be the oldest, A in Milan and B in Bologna, the one by Mr. Shipley and the other by Mr. Dixon. I myself spent four weeks of the vacation in Paris and Oxford, principally in the study of manuscripts and early editions of Catullus. The results of this work will be published later. The number of meetings of the School held during the year for the presentation of papers was not large. The time at which individual work, in this mass of new subjects, begins to ripen, is the time at which it is plainly best for the students to go to Greece. Moreover, there is in Rome no such abun- dance of fresh archaeological material for study as exists in Greece ; and really independent work in Epigraphy, Palaeo- graphy, and the like, no matter how modest, can hardly be taken up at all near the beginning of the year. In the future, as we receive students who have already pursued introductory studies at home, this condition will of course be improved ; but in the five months that preceded the visit to Greece in the present year, only four papers were far enough advanced for presenta- tion at public meetings, one by Professor Frothingham on 40 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME Norba and the system of ancient roads in the neighborhood ; one by myself on syllabification in ancient Roman speech, especially as judged in the light of Epigraphy and Palaeo- graphy ; one by Mr. Walter Dennison on syllabification in the division of words at the end of lines in inscriptions, and the conclusions to be drawn from it ; and one by Mr. Shipley on the relations of the Vatican manuscript Reginensis 762 of Livy to the Paris manuscript P, as represented in Luchs's recent collation. After the return of the students, other papers were presented : one by myself on the newly found Codex Romanus of Catullus, another by Mr. Shipley describing the continua- tion of his studies on the manuscripts of Livy, and brief papers by Mr. Denison, Dr. Burton, Mr. Holmes, and Mr. Tamblyn upon the manuscripts of Catullus which they were collating and the probable respective affinities of these manu- scripts. The number of papers thus presented at meetings is respectable. But the year's work is not to be judged upon this basis, but upon the basis of the number and character of the pub- lished papers which result from it. Each regular student of the School will, I trust, present for publication in the Journal some contribution of real value, — a result for which I had not vent- ured in advance to hope, in our opening year, and from men who were all, with one exception, new to the work to be done. The number of students who, as candidates for a certificate, completed the required ten months of study was ten. Of these, one, the Rev. Mr. Lowrie, was engaged with Christian Archaeology solely. The rest were students on the Pagan side, though a number of them took Professor Frothingham's lectures on Christian Archaeology, without doing outside work in the subject. The number of special students, — students in attendance for a period between three months and ten, — was two. Of these Mr. D. F. Platt devoted himself to Classical Archaeology, and Mr. D. C. Branson to the History of Art, and especially to Italian Painting of the twelfth century. The Regulations of the School prescribe a year of ten months FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 41 of work. One of our students remained in Rome to the end of this period. Another was called home somewhat early by serious illness in his family, but carried with him material for the con- tinuation of his special work. The rest, leaving Rome about July 1, spent the last six weeks of the school year in work in libraries or museums in Italy, France, England, or Germany. Such is the record of the year. A dozen picked men, — a large number for a foreign school in Rome ; courses in Topo- graphy, Classical Archaeology, — both Pagan and Christian, — Epigraphy, Numismatics, and Palaeography; actual work at manuscripts in the Library of the Vatican ; two months in Greece, with excursions with Dorpfeld for seven out of the ten fully enrolled students ; and ten days in Pompeii and the Museum at Naples under Mau. What would not many men of the older generation have given in their day of unguided sight-seeing for such opportunities as these twelve young men have had ! We were able to extend a welcome, at various times during the year, to American scholars who were visiting Rome for pur- poses of serious work, and to put our Library at their disposal. Among these I may mention in particular Professor Fowler, of Western Reserve University, Professor Elmer, of Cornell University, Professor Mary E. Case, of Wells College, Pro- fessor Adeline B. Hawes, of Wellesley College, together with Professor G. D. Lord, of Dartmouth College, Mr. Heermance, Dr. Hoppin, Dr. Alice Walton, and Miss Reed, all of the School at Athens, who spent some time in Rome on their way to America. To these students of the sister School, as to the students of the School in Rome, the Government granted free admission to the national museums, excavations, and gal- leries in all parts of Italy. Professor Ashmore, of Union University, availed himself of the privileges of the School for several months in the winter, and Mr. William Rankin, Fellow of Princeton University, and student of Italian Painting, especially of the fourteenth cen- turv, did the same in the two autumn months. 42 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN HOME Our library was put at the service of President Taylor of Vassar College, who visited Rome twice in the year ; and we had the pleasure of his company, as well as that of Professor Case, on the trip to Ostia conducted by Professor Lanciani. Professor Seligman, of Columbia University, a member of our Managing Committee, who spent several months of the winter in Rome, showed his interest in the School in many ways, — among others, by taking part in some of its excursions, and by contributing to the fund for the work at Beneventum. To his mediation is due the presentation to the School of a funerary cippus, by Mr. James Loeb of New York City. Miss Emma Brace of New York also left a token of her good will in the form of a second copy of Middleton's Ancient Rome. A good beginning of a Library has been made. In addition to Mr. Morgan's gift of three thousand dollars, nearly seven hundred dollars were spent for books. I have also the pleasure of recording that, in answer to letters stating the founding of the School and its aims, contributions of publications were received from the following firms : — in America: Messrs. Ginn &Company, Messrs. Harper Brothers, Messrs. Leach, She well & Sanborn, the G. & C. Merriam Company, and the University Publishing Company ; in England : the Cambridge University Press, the Clarendon Press of Oxford, and Messrs. Macmillan & Com- pany of London. The Committee feel special satisfaction in recording these latter gifts, which testify to the cosmopolitan- ism of scholarship. In addition, we have to thank the Johns Hopkins University for the gift of a complete file of the American Journal of Philology, the American Philological Association for a complete set of its Transactions, and Mr. D. Nutt, of London, for a complete file of the Classical Review. For a subject-catalogue of this Library, as likewise for an author-catalogue not quite completed at the end of the year, the Committee is under obligation to Mr. Shipley. Its thanks are also due to Mr. Swearingen for a duplicate of the subject- catalogue, made and sent home for the use of the Director- FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 43 elect. It is intended, I may add, that the duplicate catalogue shall always be kept complete. This closes the report of the work of the year. It re- mains only to speak of the former and the new home of the School. By the invitation of the School of Architecture, we shared during this first year in the use of the Villa dell' Aurora, the beauty and cheer and comfort of which were a constant factor in our life. Our Executive Committee had expected that not only the School but also the Director would be housed in the villa. At its first meeting a sum of money had been appro- priated for furnishing the building. Later, Mr. McKim and Professor Ware concluded that the villa did not have room for a second family in addition to that of the Director of the School of Architecture, and I had given up all expectation of living there. On arriving in Rome, however, I not only expe- rienced great difficulty in finding suitable quarters, but I also found that, without any sacrifice on the part of the School, the spare space in the villa, though not adapted for housekeeping, could be made to serve. Further, I felt strongly that it would be for the best interests of our School if its Director should be so housed. In this way, whatever hospitality was exercised by the family of the Director would indirectly be exercised for the School, and the Director would himself be always at hand. I found Mr. Lord, the Director of the School of Architecture, to be most obliging in the matter. With his good will, I sent a telegram to the Acting Chairman of the School, asking him for his approval, and that of Mr. McKim, to the carrying out of the original plan, with the exception that I should myself meet the expense of furnishing. This approval was given. The arrangement proved advantageous. Indeed, I do not see how, if I had lived elsewhere, I could have managed the practical business, especially in the early months, of receiving and caring for books and school furniture, of directing work- men, and of contending, in company with Mr. Lord, against certain difficulties under which we labored. 44 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME As has been told in the reports of Professor Warren and Professor Smith above, the two fundamental ideas of integral connection with the proposed Academy, on the part of each School, and of a common fund for all the Schools, had been abandoned, before the May meeting of our Committee, by the leading promoters of the Academy. Immediately upon the receipt of the news, a telegram, signed by the Director and the Associate Director, was despatched to the Chairman, asking that authority be given them to secure a new home for the School, and mentioning that a charming villa, which had already been inspected, was at our service. The authority was granted, and the matter was put in charge of the Director and the Associate Director of the year, together with the Director for the next year, Professor Warren, who was to spend a short time in Rome in June. This committee, after inspecting several houses, chose the villa named in the telegram, — the Villa Cheremeteff, — a house at the corner of the Via Gaeta and the Via Palestro (Via Gaeta, No. 2),1 which had been leased by Mr. Waldo Story and furnished by him for his own use, but was afterwards sub-leased by him upon his return to the Palazzo Barberini. The building is furnished in admirable taste, and is in every way a suitable home for the school. It has English plumbing, and a furnace, — two excellent things that are by no means common in Rome. There is, for the present, sufficient room on the ground floor for the Library and working rooms of the School ; the Direc- tor's family has a dining-room on the same floor, removed from the rooms of the School by the hall, and, on the first floor, a drawing-room, a long gallery, and bed-rooms, beside bed-rooms and a large study on the second floor. If we should continue permanently to occupy the building, an addi- tional large room could be thrown across the front of the little garden. The situation of the house, though not central, is more convenient than that of our former home, since from the 1 The Committee is indebted to Hugh M. G. Garden, Esq., of Chicago, for the drawings for the accompanying cuts, made from the original Roman plans. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 45 46 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN BONE Piazza del Termini, which is not far away, horse cars, soon to be converted into electric cars, radiate to all parts of the city. The ground is the highest in Rome, and excellently drained. The quarter is largely occupied by the houses of ambassadors and other people in public life. My concluding work in Rome consisted in moving the books and other property of the School to its new home. The furniture which we had had made at the beginning of the year was as simple as possible. It consisted of unstained pine shelves and tables, and would have been out of keeping with the new house. I had it remodelled, adding mouldings (for the designing of which we are under Ha Paltitro. FIGURE 2. VILLA CHEREMETEFF. PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 47 FIGURE 3. VILLA CHEREMETEFF. PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR. FIGURE 4. VILLA CHEREMETEFF. PLAN OF THIRD FLOOR. 48 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN HOME obligation to Mr. Story), and a coat of stain of the same shade as the ordinary dark Italian furniture. New bookcases of the same pattern were also constructed and set in place. The conversion of the furniture is complete, and it is for the pres- ent entirely satisfactory. The making of this furniture occupied so much time that it was not possible to move it in season to allow of arranging the books in their new places. The task of doing this was light- ened for the new Director, however, by the catalogue-system already mentioned, which assigned to each book a relative place through a subject number and an individual number written upon a label on its back. Our relations with the outside world during the year which is now closed have been all that could have been asked, if allowance is made for the traditional policy of Italy with regard to affording opportunities to foreigners for original excavation. The attitude of the Government towards us has been completely friendly. The answer to the official notification of the establishment of the School, made by His Excellency the American Ambassador, immediately upon his return to Rome in October, was an offer of assistance in any way that might be possible. Our students were admitted without payment to the Government museums and excavations in Rome for the year, and later, when they came to travel, to all the Government museums and galleries in Italy. Similar kindness was shown us by Monsignor della Volpe, Maggiordomo of the Vatican, who admitted our students to the Papal museums and galleries for three months. I have already recorded, though I could not easily sufficiently express, our thanks for the kindness of Father Ehrle, Prefect of the Vatican Library, of Professor Melampo, Professor of Palaeography at the Vati- can, of Professor Marucchi, Curator of Egyptian Antiquities, and of Professor Stevenson, Curator of Coins. To this list I should add the name of Comm. Galli, Curator of the Vati- can galleries. The friendly spirit of the German Institute was shown in the admission of our students to Professor Hiil- FIRST ANNUAL UEPORT, 1895-96 49 sen's lectures on Topography, in the regular invitation of our officers and students to each open meeting of the Institute, and in the opening to us of the Institute's very valuable library. To the same desire to extend a welcome to the new School was doubtless due the election of the writer as Corresponding Member of the German Archaeological Institute of Berlin, Rome, and Athens, after the Adunanza Solenne referred to above. The Pontifical Academy of Archaeology likewise sent us frequent invitations to its sessions. The British and American Archaeological Society, of which I became a member, though unable, through lack of time, to avail my- self largely of its privileges, opened its library to our officers, and sent our students tickets, through its Honorary Secretary, Mr. Lambe, to Professor Lanciani's lecture on the excavations at Nemi. The American Ambassador, the Honorable Wayne MacVeagh, and the American Consul-General, the Honorable Wallace S. Jones, deserve grateful mention. But any attempt to express our sense of our obligations in Rome would neces- sarily fail, since it could not take into account the constant kindness and uniformly cordial attitude shown us at every hand, in unofficial ways, by the heads of other Schools and their families and students, by Roman specialists, and by visiting scholars from England, France, and Germany, — among whom I cannot refrain from naming three, Professor Usener of Bonn, Professor Forster of Breslau, and Mr. W. M. Lindsay of Oxford. In the midst of this general kindness and appreciation, however, the School has suffered, and for a while must continue to suffer, through a misjudgment in itself most natural. The public at large, not only in Rome but elsewhere, is unable to understand, just as it was at the time of the foundation of the School at Athens, why we appoint our officers of instruction annually. Professor Mommsen, for example, said to me last year in Rome that he could not think well of the system of constant change of Directors practised by the School at Athens in the past, and apparently to be practised by the School in 50 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME Rome. My answer was that I was glad to hear his condem- nation, that I might assure him that we ourselves thought as badly of the system as he did, and resorted to it only as an inevitable beginning, until we had money. "But," he answered, " you have so much money in America, and give it so freely for education." The first is true, the second is true, and the un- spoken inference ought surely to come true. The money which was raised for the three-year experiment will be exhausted at the end of the coming year; but it cannot be believed that the American public will suffer an institution to die that can so powerfully affect American education, and that has already earned its title to existence. WM. GARDNER HALE, Chairman. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES SJfif-frS.SS'S J ftiHmSff *l ^ibJtS a-gf-^ es=es ? lUffr* ! 1 1-i ja?Jr^i «• • «. _ > . •» z r^ r~w ^* £_ "™ pO^idcS P l^g.^.^1 •sV/11( 5^te >-^ r A i§!1 Opod -II ^SB&S"— — '• VOL. I (1897) PLATE I li C H V * 5 *• ••* * C f* n *"4 t LJ . f™ »^ iilJH^I^1 s^S?JI^SSpgS kSS&HSJsSlf o o i REPORT OF THE ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR 1895-96 GENTLEMEN, — My work as Associate Director of the School was of two kinds, — instruction to the students and original investigation. My weekly course of lectures on the archaeology of ancient Italy began with the study of the so-called "Pelasgic" cities, which are scattered through lower Etruria and Latium. In this connection I took the School on an excursion through some of the principal cities of the Volscian and Hernician leagues, such as Signia (Segni), Aletrium (Alatri), Ferentinum (Ferentino), and Verulae (Veroli). This trip was supple- mented by visits to the Volscian cities on the western side of the hills overlooking the Pontine Plain, the centre of study being Norba, where I carried on a survey during the three winter months. The other cities of this group which were visited were Cora (Cori), Setia (Sezza), Privernum (Piperno), Anxur (Terracina), and Circeii (S. Felice Circeo). In the last excursion I was accompanied only by Mr. Lowrie, but in the previous ones by almost the entire membership of the School. Our guide in the study of these groups of ancient cities was Fonteanive's Avanzi detti ciclopici nella provincia di Roma, a convenient if not an original book. In fact no book of any sort of a satisfactory nature has been written on these cities. The civilization represented by them is con- temporary with, if not earlier than, that of the Etruscans, and appears to be of a totally different origin. Its char- acter is similar to that of the Homeric age in Greek lands. A large number of archaeologists is awaiting with great interest any discoveries which may be made on these sites, 51 52 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME thinking that they may possibly solve the most important problems in the origin of Italian civilization. Thus far no excavations have revealed the position of a single necropolis, and we know only their works of colossal architecture and engineering, which surpass those of the Mycenaean age in Greece. The other great section of pre-Roman civilization, the Etrus- can, was then taken up with Martha's L'Art Etrusque, and L 'ArchSoloc/ie Etrusque et Romaine as text-books. Especial attention was paid to the Etruscan museum outside of the Forta del Popolo — Museum of the Agro Romano — at the villa of Pope Julius. This museum, the arrangement of which is due to Comm. Barnabei and Count Cozza, is illustrated in the most systematic way in a series of articles published by its directors in the Monumenti Antichi. The museum itself furnishes the best instance of an Etruscan collection arranged on perfectly scientific principles, the contents of each tomb being kept separate and the tombs themselves being arranged in chrono- logical order, thus making it easy to follow the historic succes- sion of types and the transformation of culture. In order to supplement the study of the contents of the tombs, as repre- sented in this museum, by a study of the monuments them- selves, a visit was made with nearly all the students of the School to some of the principal sites of lower Etruria — Caere (Cervetri), Tarquinii (Corneto), Tuscania (Toscanella), and the rock-cut necropoleis near Viterbo. Many of the students also went to Veii. These sites were selected as complementary to one another. At Caere we were able to study the best exam- ples of large and architectural interiors of tombs ; at Tarquinii, the finest painted interiors ; at Castel d' Asso and Norchia near Viterbo, the external form and decoration of the tombs, which often reproduced types of the temple and of the Greek and Etruscan house with such an accuracy of detail, that these tombs form some of the best material for a future reconstruc- tion in ground-plan and elevation of the Homeric and post- Homeric house. In connection with their study of Faliscan antiquities, and FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 53 in order to give them some practical experience of the manner in which excavations are carried on in Etruscan necropoleis, I took some of the students to Narce, not far south of Falerii, where some excavations were being carried on which were of unusual importance for the early civilization of Etruria, between the tenth and the seventh centuries B.C. Here we were present at the opening of a number of primitive well-tombs and trench- tombs, of the archaic period, the contents of which had never been disturbed. When the students joined Dr. Hiilsen's course in Roman topography, they were obliged to give their entire time to this work, and my classes were discontinued. When I resumed my lectures at the beginning of January, I thought it best to have a course of weekly meetings on Greek sculpture and architecture, in view of their trip to Greece and Sicily in the spring. Greek Archaic Sculpture was principally studied, with the first volume of Collignon's ffistoire de la Sculpture Grrecque as the text-book. I laid emphasis on the early period of sculpt- ure, since this is the one which can be best studied in the Greek museums and in the recent excavations at Delphi. At a num- ber of the meetings papers were read by the students on the various schools of sculpture. At the beginning of this course, and as a part of it, it was arranged to have Dr. Wald stein give a lecture on archaic and archaistic sculpture at the Museum of the Conservatori at the Capitol, illustrating it with the monu- ments of the museum itself. A weekly course of lectures on Early Christian and Mediaeval Art was given by me during part of the session, illustrated largely, of course, by the monuments of Rome, which were sup- plemented by those of the rest of Italy. In connection with the lectures on the primitive period of Christian Art I arranged for three visits to the catacombs of St. Callixtus, St. Priscilla, and St. Praetextatus, under the direction of Professor Marucchi. The lectures given by him in these catacombs were extremely thorough and interesting and were attended by the entire School. I took the School also to a number of the principal 54 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME basilicas of Rome, illustrating the development of architecture and church decoration from the time of Constantine to the thirteenth century. The history of fresco painting, of mosaic painting, of illumination, and of the different branches of sculpture, large and small, during the same period were also briefly sketched and illustrated, principally with the aid of Garrucci's Storia deW Arte Oristiana. During our various Pelasgic and Etruscan excursions we were also able to study a number of important mediaeval monuments, espe- cially at Corneto, Toscanella, Viterbo, Casamari, Ferentino, and Alatri. The most difficult question which we were obliged to solve during this first season on behalf of the School was the possi- bility of carrying on excavations. Without being positive in the matter, I had hoped that we should not find an invincible opposition on the part of the Italian Ministry toward our accom- plishing something in this important department of work. I found, however, that Professor Barnabei, who is at the head of the department of excavations at the Ministry of Public Instruction, was at this time opposed in principle to allowing the School, as a foreign institution, to undertake any work of original and independent excavation. This attitude prevented me, as will be seen, from making at Norba anything more than a complete survey of the remains above ground. In addition I thought it best, with the consent of Professor Hale, to select for the School's study a second monument of a character differing widely from that of Norba : the triumphal Arch of Trajan at Beneventum, — the one representing the Roman and the other the pre-Roman period, and both being regarded as the best-known examples of their class. The Arch of Trajan at Beneventum (PLATE II) was erected at the beginning of the Via Traiana, which leads from Bene- ventum to Brundisium, and was built by Trajan at his own expense. In the year 115 A.D., while the Emperor was still in the East, and after the completion of the road, the arch was dedicated to him by the Senate, perhaps in anticipation of his FIRST ANNUAL BEPORT, 1895-96 55 return to Rome through Beneventum. This arch is important for various reasons. Historically it is the second of the great sculptured arches still in existence in Italy, that of Titus in Rome, which it resembles in its proportions, alone being earlier. But the Arch of Titus is of great simplicity, — its only sculptures in relief being part of a frieze, some Victories, an Apotheosis of the Emperor, and the two famous reliefs under the arch, which correspond exactly in size to the two similar reliefs in the Arch of Trajan. In the wealth of its sculptures, the arch at Bene- ventum is approached only by the Arch of Constantine in Rome, where, however, we have no homogeneous work as at Beneven- tum, but a combination of fine, low reliefs from a destroyed arch of Trajan with degraded sculptures of Constantine's own time. In its long, triumphal frieze, encircling the entire monument, in the high relief and complicated composition of its sculptures, the Beneventum arch is unique. Add to this the idealism of many of the types, the wonderful portraiture in others, and the artistic perfection of the composition, and we cannot help regarding the reliefs of the Beneventum arch as the foremost works of Roman sculpture. The reign of Trajan, in which Greek idealism and Roman power of portraying character harmoniously met, seems to be, in fact, the high-water mark of Roman sculpture. Until a few years ago the arch of Bene- ventum was almost unknown ; lately it had been examined by the local inspector of monuments, Meomartini, and by the Secretary of the German Institute in Rome, Professor Petersen. It had not, however, been adequately photographed, nor had moulds been taken of any of its sculptures. With the approval of the Neapolitan section of the Office for the Preservation of Monuments, the Ministry of Public Instruction granted to our School the privilege of taking moulds of any part of the arch, with certain guarantees for the safety of the monument. On the advice of Dr. Petersen, the person selected to make the moulds and casts was Sig. Anni- bale Piernovelli, who was also highly recommended by a num- ber of the best sculptors in Italy, and had lately executed to 56 the satisfaction of the German Institute the moulds and casts of the Column of Marcus Aurelius in Rome. I took Sig. Piernovelli with me to Beneventum to ascertain the amount of relief in the sculptures, so as to decide on the best method of moulding, and also on the amount of sculpture to be moulded in order to make the work complete, leaving out only duplicated, unessential, and badly injured parts. Not- withstanding the far higher relief of the arch and the increased expense of working at a distance from Rome, Sig. Piernovelli made exactly the same terms as for the Column of Marcus Aurelius. These terms were sixty-five lire per square metre for the first cast, including the cost of the temporary moulds, and twenty-five lire per square metre for all subsequent casts. To this should be added five hundred and eleven lire for the scaffolding, and further sums for transportation to Rome, and for the making of negatives and photographs on a large scale of all the details of the arch while the scaffolding was still in place. As the Ministry would not allow us to make permanent plaster moulds, for fear of damaging the monument, we made clay moulds from which two perfect copies alone could be taken, — one for ourselves, and one for the Italian Govern- ment, to which according to law we were obliged to give it. From our own copy we take the moulds for all other repro- ductions. During the course of the work I visited Beneventum a number of times in order to take advantage of the unique opportunity to make a careful study of the arch from the levels of the scaffolding and to prepare the material for a publication of the sculptures. When the work was finished, it was found that the casts measured considerably more than had been anticipated. This was due to several causes. In the first place, Sig. Piernovelli had not taken account in his pre- liminary measurements, on which our first estimate was based, of two conditions : first, that, each relief being taken in a number of pieces, and each piece being cast so as to overlap the next for the sake of safety, the measurement of the bas- FIEST ANNUAL IIEPOUT, 1895-96 57 relief on the original was increased considerably in the cast; second, that in most of the bas-reliefs there was a great deal of work in the round or in extremely high relief, which had to be reckoned not by straightaway measurement, but by fol- lowing the curved lines of the projecting parts, in order not to be unjust to the moulder. In the second place, after the scaf- folding was erected, and I was able to make a more detailed examination, I found it necessary to add to the list of reliefs to be moulded several which I had originally omitted and which on close examination I found to be among the finest sculptures of the arch. This was especially the case with the reclining figure of the river goddess, the bas-relief with the three divinities in the background, and the beautiful keystone of the arch. When completed, our mouldings of the arch were the most extensive work of the sort ever made in Italy, with the possible exception of the casts of the Arch of Constantine and the Column of Trajan undertaken by Napoleon III. It was no easy matter to meet the heavy expense involved. Professor Warren had raised about six hundred and seventy- five dollars during the autumn and winter for the work of the School at Norba or on the arch. It seemed as if the expenses of the work at Norba and throughout the Volscian hills could be brought within the limit of the eight hundred dollars already available for that purpose, so that Professor Hale and I agreed that it would be advisable to devote to the arch the whole of the amount raised by Professor Warren. Mrs. Cyrus H. McCormick of Chicago and her son Mr. Stanley McCormick contributed two hundred and fifty dollars, Professor Willard Fiske of Florence, Mr. E. E. Ayer of Chicago, and Professor Seligman of Columbia University contributed one hundred dollars, fifty dollars, and twenty- five dollars respectively. These various amounts were to be used exclusively for the cost of the moulds. I also suc- ceeded in interesting persons connected with several institu- tions. Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson and Mr. Martin A. Ryerson 58 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME of Chicago, during their stay in Rome, promised to contribute, if necessary, seven hundred dollars, this sum to be divided between the cost of the moulds and casts of the sculptures for the Art Institute of Chicago. Dr. Pepper and Mrs. Steven- son, of Philadelphia, promised, for the Cast Committee of the University of Pennsylvania, to purchase casts to the amount of about four hundred dollars for its new museum. The gradu- ating class of the University of Michigan, through the influence of Professor Kelsey, offered four hundred and fifty dollars for a series of casts of the arch, as their gift to their Alma Mater. In this way large series of the casts will be on exhibition in Chicago, Philadelphia, and Ann Arbor. The original set is the property of the School. I have prepared an illustrated catalogue of all the casts, giving the price for the entire set and for single casts. As soon as this catalogue is put into circulation, the School will be able to furnish the casts to any institution or museum, either singly or in sets, and thus gradu- ally to obtain a steady income from this source. It may be a good investment for the School, for, owing to the lack of a similar series of casts of Roman monumental sculpture in the market, it is probable that there will be considerable demand for ours. No large collection of casts can afford to be without some specimens from the arch. However, it will soon become a question whether some arrangement should not be made to bring the original set of casts to this country. The one hundred dollars voted by the Committee for the purpose almost sufficed to cover the cost of the series of large- sized photographs, which were made from the scaffolding by Sig. Lucchetti, the photographer of the German Institute. Each bas-relief was taken separately on a large plate. At the close of the season it was found, that, on account of the additional expenses described above, the amount promised for the arch fell short by nearly one thousand dollars of meet- ing the cost. I remained in Rome until late in August, largely for the purpose of seeing the various sets of casts made and of providing for their packing. During this time, it was not FIRST ANNUAL EEPOET, 1895-96 59 possible to take any steps toward making good the deficit. At the last moment, at the time of my return in the early autumn, it was cancelled by the generosity of Mrs. T. Harrison Garrett, who contributed one thousand dollars to the arch. The subjects of the bas-reliefs on the arch are so selected, apparently, as to give a few of the characteristic events, exploits, and benefactions of the reign of Trajan up to the time of its erection. There are records of his^ victories over the Germans and Dacians, the erection of Dacia into a Roman province, and the triumphal entry into Rome after the second Dacian war. Other compositions are connected with his pacific triumphs ; for example, the representation of Trajan as Restitutor Italiae, as encouraging the arts of peace, as instituting the Alimentarii Pueri and Puellae, as opening a port, as presiding over the generous distribution of provisions called Congiarium. Groups of gods occur more than once, and those in the upper reliefs are the finest of all the figures (PLATE III). They are repre- sented as approving of the pacification of Dacia and presiding over it from afar ; as welcoming Trajan to the Capitol, them- selves invisible ; as being present at the making of treaties and the inauguration of public works. In them especially do we see Greek ideal types employed and we recognize the hand of the Greek artist. It is to be hoped that the arch will form the subject of a publication by the School which shall reproduce all its details in a series of large photographic plates from our own negatives. Similar publications have already been begun in Germany for the Column of Trajan and for that of Marcus Aurelius, which have given occasion to a careful study of the campaigns of these emperors. The work at Norba was rendered possible by the appropria- tion of three hundred dollars made for archaeological purposes by the Institute in 1895, by the use of the yearly subscription of two hundred and fifty dollars for archaeological purposes made, on behalf of the University of Pennsylvania, by Dr. William Pepper and Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, and by a 60 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME special appropriation of two hundred and fifty dollars to cover the estimated remainder of the cost. The history of this work is not so simple as of that at Beneventum. I was led to select the site of Norba for two reasons. In the first place, Latium, although of great impor- tance in the history of ancient Italy, has never been carefully explored, nor have systematic excavations been carried on at any of its sites, so that it seemed as if the School might find in this province a field both fertile and uncultivated. In the second place, Norba would naturally be the starting-point for any such investigation. It is the only pre-Roman site with an uninterrupted circuit of walls and containing within these walls important public and private monuments built in the so-called " Pelasgic," Cyclopean, or polygonal style, with large irregular blocks of stone put together without mortar. I had wished for several years to study this city. It so happened that especial attention had been directed to Norba by Professor Lan- ciani, a few months before my arrival, and that a strong plea for the excavation of this and other cities of Latium had re- cently been made by the well-known archaeologists Gamurrini and Pigorini, who were of the opinion that here was the key to the origin and development of pre-Roman culture before the rise of Etruria. No practical steps had yet been taken, but the government archaeologists were ready to direct more attention to this region instead of confining themselves, as they had hitherto done, to the study of Etruria, although at the same time this group of official archaeologists was opposed to grant- ing that culture began its forward march in Latium earlier than in Etruria. It was therefore almost inevitable that the move made on the part of our School to occupy Norba would be watched with interest. It seemed to me that the best plan would be to begin by taking moral possession of the site by thorough studies of everything above ground, which could be done without special permission. When these were completed, including a survey-plan of all the monuments of the city and its neighborhood, as well as the ancient roads leading to it, I ex- FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 61 pected to present a report to the Ministry of Public Instruction detailing the work done and asking, in view of what was already accomplished, that I should be allowed to complete the plan of study of the city by an excavation. It seemed as if our position would be so strong that this request could hardly be refused. In pursuance of the plan detailed above, I engaged in De- cember the services of a young architect and engineer, Sig. Guido Cirilli, who had already shown ability in the study of historic monuments. He began at once under my guidance to make a plan of all the constructions at Norba. This, of course, could not but be imperfect without the help of excava- tions, because a large part of many of the structures, and all the streets, were still covered with an accumulation of earth, and the form and relation of the various buildings thus remained imperfectly disclosed. Still, by sinking surveying poles, and by using other means within the law, many interesting dis- coveries were made, hidden walls and lines of streets were brought to light, and wells, cisterns, and underground passages were explored. At present we know exactly where excavations can best be made and how far it is necessary to go in order to reach the ancient level. Excavations would be extremely easy, because the accumulation of earth is very light, varying appar- ently from less than a foot to a maximum of about three feet. The city walls enclose two hills, — the high one being the acropolis, the smaller one the sacred hill with two temples. Encircling the base of the two hills is a broad, flat space, largely artificial, and sustained on the slope toward the Pontine plain by a series of immense inner bastions. This terraced part is the principal quarter, — the upper city which contained the most important structures. Between the bastions and the outer city walls, toward the plain, is the lower city. I was able to distinguish three manners in the internal structures, which appear to correspond to successive periods. Difficult though it may be to base any chronological conclusion on constructive methods, I believe that it can be proved from 62 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME this source alone that Norba cannot have been built later than the ninth century B.C. ; that the city was largely rebuilt in the first half of the sixth century, if not earlier, and that, after a decline, it had a temporary revival in the third or fourth century. Finally comes the tragic story of its destruction by the troops of Sulla in the year 82 B.C., when the inhabitants, who found themselves betrayed, set fire to the city, and the men died fighting and the women and children were burned: since this downfall it has never been inhabited, except that, like so many other abandoned sites, it was partly occupied by a Roman villa. In Pliny's time it was already famous as a ruin frequented by visitors of an antiquarian turn of mind. Since then the ruins have never been completely covered, but they were not studied, apparently, until 1829, when Gerhard, the learned Secretary of the German Institute, published, in the first volume of the Annali of the Institute, an article on Norba, illustrated with drawings by a German architect named Knapp. However interesting this article was, as calling attention to Norba, it was of no use in my study, because it did not rec- ognize any differences in style or period in any of the construc- tions, but described the city as if it had been built all in one period. The plan also, although fairly full, was most inaccu- rate in all its details and measurements, so that no account could be taken of it. The only other description of the ruins that has come to my knowledge is that in Fonteanive's Guide to the Polygonal Ruins of the Province of Rome ; but in the case of Norba the author does nothing but repeat Gerhard's article. The study of the plan of Norba confirmed me in my opinion that the cities of Latium represented an entirely distinct civ- ilization from the Etruscan. The arrangement of the Etruscan city, as is well known, is more or less rectangular, the religious consecration of the city involving its division into four quar- ters by two streets running at right angles, the Cardo and the Decumanus, at the intersection of which the priest stood at the time of the consecration. There is no trace of this funda- mental characteristic at Norba : the streets do not run at FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 63 right angles, the ground- plan, instead of being rectangular, approaching as closely to the circle as the conformation of the ground will allow. This curvilinear ground-plan and the irregular lines of streets are equally characteristic of the other cities of the Volscian League, and are also to be found in certain cities of Etruria whose foundation is attributed by tradition, not to the Etruscans, but to colonists of Greek descent. To those who object to giving so high an antiquity to Norba and the other cities of this region, one can urge not only the architectural evidence, but the fact that, among the few objects thus far found in tombs at Norba and Cora, noth- ing has come to light that can be attributed with certainty to a period later than 750 B.C. Even if we are not permitted to carry on excavations, the results of our topographical study of Norba will be extremely interesting, because we have ascertained the general plan of the city, the lines of the paved streets with their raised side- walks, the system of furnishing each house with a well, con- structed like the Mycenaean tholoi and connected with an immense general cistern on the slope of the acropolis, the ground-plan of the various classes of public and private struct- ures, and the form and material of the roadways leading to the city. The illustrative material which we have prepared is very complete. The plan of Norba has been made so large as to give accurate measurements of every structure. A general cross-section gives the relation of the different parts of the city in elevation. There is a perspective view of one end of the city toward the plain, with the approaches, the road-bed, gate, walls, and temple hill ; many excellent water- color and pen-and-ink sketches of the walls, and separate sections and ground-plans of several of the structures, have also been prepared. More than fifty photographic negatives were made by Lucchetti and other photographers. All this material will be ample to illustrate whatever publication the School may wish to issue. During the course of the preliminary work Comm. Barnabei 64 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN HOME came up to Norba to see what was being done, bringing with him the entire government Archaeological Commission, in- cluding Cozza, Pasqui, Borsari, and others. They all expressed themselves as wonderfully impressed by the city and as very much pleased with the quality of the survey. This favorable impression was, I may say, confirmed after my presentation of the completed results at a meeting of the German Institute, when my report was said to be the most fully illustrated com- munication ever made to the Institute. At the time of their visit I entertained the Commission at dinner in the great cistern. At its close, Comm. Barnabei informed me that while there was no desire to seem obstructive, the Ministry wished to have complete monopoly of excavating the necropolis of Norba, to which he looked for the solution of many questions. He added, however, that if I should desire to make topographical excavations within the city, he should be pleased to see that permission was granted ; also, in case the Government should excavate the necropolis, I should be given free access to the excavations at all times, and should be allowed to make scientific use of the material discovered. After this visit it seemed needless to adhere to my original plan of making a preliminary report to the Ministry before asking for permission to excavate, and relying on Comm. Barnabei's favorable attitude, Professor Hale and I made a joint request to be allowed to make topographical tasti ('probings') in Xorba. Before this request was presented Comm. Barnabei informed me, as a modification of his former offer, that I should be allowed to do this work only at the expense of the Ministry and under the supervision of one of its inspectors. The answer to our formal request, however, was a refusal ; the reason given being that no foreign school could be allowed to undertake such work, which came within the duties of the Government itself. In order to find some compensation for this partial and perhaps only temporary check at Norba, I decided to extend operations to the other cities of the Volscian League. I thus FIRST ANNUAL EEPORT, 1895-96 65 studied the sites of Cora, Setia, Privernum, Anxur-Terracina, and Circeii. I made, with the assistance of Sig. Cirilli, the plans of the first two of these cities, and hope that the Committee of the School will be in favor of completing the plans of the other cities, the comparative study of which is extremely interesting. The most important result of the explorations outside of Norba was the discovery of a network of ancient pre-Roman military roads, which join together all these cities of the Volscian league. Starting at Norba, where their lines are the clearest, I followed a series of roads leading from each of its gates and sometimes dividing into two or more branches at a certain distance from the city. We first surveyed all the roads in the immediate vicinity of Norba and made a careful study of their construction. The many lines of walls that had been noticed outside of the city along the side of the mountain had never been identified as sustaining walls of roads. They rise at certain points to a height of eight to twelve feet, and are in a rougher form of the same polygonal construction used in the city walls. Starting at the gate which led toward Cora, we were able to follow the road almost with- out interruption as far as ancient Cora itself. Its line of ramps winds down the Norba hillside in such a way as to give quite easy grades. The structure of the road-bed is of great solidity. It is always more than four metres in width and formed of superposed layers of stone, the larger unbroken stone being at the bottom and covered by layers continually decreas- ing in size until a sort of macadam roadway is reached at the surface. The structure is clearly visible at a point just out- side the gate, where a section of it is broken away. The road-bed has become almost as hard as concrete, and can be re- moved in sections without crumbling. As a general rule these roads are flanked by a double wall on each side, — a lower, retaining wall of considerable height (sometimes twelve feet high), and an upper wall of no considerable height, which is sometimes omitted, as it serves mainly to mark the limit of the road. As these roads are built usually on rocky ground 66 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME along the side of the steep mountain slope, it was necessary to provide against washouts. For this purpose protecting walls were built in lines parallel to the road, both above and below it, to prevent the carrying down of loose material and the undermining of the foundations of the road. There are sometimes as many as four such parallel lines of wall. The roads which I discovered do not all belong to the same period. The earliest seem to date from the first great agri- cultural development of the Volscian cities during the eighth century B.C., at about the time of the foundation of Rome. This is probably the date of the earliest of the roads leading from Norba and especially of that communicating with Cora. These earliest roads never descend to the plain below, except when it is necessary to place the mountain-city in communica- tion with the cities of the plain, as is the case with the road leading from Norba across the upper corner of the Pontine plain in the direction of Satricum. The later among these groups of roads, those connecting Setia with Privernum and Privernum with Anxur-Terracina, more readily abandon the hillsides for the plain and approximate more closely to the plan of Roman roads of the period of the Claudian Via Appia. In the immediate neighborhood of the cities, the roads are more carefully constructed and are bounded by walls approach- ing, in the carefulness of their construction, the quality of the city walls themselves. Their carefully constructed ascending ramps are sometimes broken up, at a short distance below the city, by small terraces with projecting bastions. Along the line of the ancient roads we find series of interest- ing constructions of various kinds. About midway between each of two neighboring cities is in each case an esplanade of considerable size, fortified by a bastion and jutting out from the mountain road over the plain. Possibly these bastions were for the defence of the road and to protect the inhabitants of the neighboring pagi in case of sudden predatory incursions. Other constructions, of a somewhat later date and belonging to the third, fourth, and even the fifth manner of polygonal FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 67 masonry, are found in the neighborhood of the later roads along the plain. One of these groups discovered by Sig. Cirilli in the vicinity of Cora, near the road leading to Norba, has the appearance of a small settlement {pagus). And this was un- doubtedly the case with other groups of structures further south. These roads seem to be earlier than the fifth century B.C. or in a few cases belong at the latest to this century, and they differ from the earliest of the known Roman roads of the following century. In carrying on this investigation, I made a preliminary survey, or rather a voyage of discovery, with Sig. Cirilli. After we had made out in detail the line from Cora to Norba we under- took the discovery of the roads leading from Norba to Setia, Privernum, and Anxur. This excursion took six days of tramp- ing over the mountain sides, in which we did not even follow the goat-paths. It was necessary to find and examine every stone which did not appear to be in its natural position, for the roads were so exposed that after more than two thousand years of disuse they were almost entirely washed away and we were continually losing track of their direction. After the preliminary survey, I set two engineers, Sig. Cirilli and Sig. Corseri, at work with their surveying apparatus ; they used as a basis for their work the largest topographical maps of the Italian military staff, which I caused to be enlarged by draughtsmen. This was a long and tedious piece of work, requir- ing the greatest care. It was completed for the sections Norba- Cora and Norba-Setia. It remains for the Managing Committee to decide whether it shall be continued as far as Terracina. During the course of this study I investigated the ancient sites. The most important results were the discovery of a large settlement or pagus at the foot of the mountain in the plain of Privernum, connected with a mountain road leading to Setia. I also became persuaded that the supposed site of the ancient Privernum in the plain below the present Piperno was occupied only after the Roman conquest, when the site was changed, and that the earlier pre-Roman city must be sought elsewhere. Of far more importance was the study of the site of the 68 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN EOME ancient Circeii on the promontory which was formerly the island of Circe. The extensive ruins which still remain there are very unusual in their grouping and arrangement ; and their character and relationship have been a matter of much dispute. I believe that the ancient city was built near the water's edge as a seaport — I traced part of its circuit — and that it was connected by an immense broad raised cause- way, unique in character, fortified by high walls, and lead- ing up to a citadel or acropolis which rose high above the city and outside of its limits upon the rocky hill at the southern extremity of the island. This acropolis, of rectangular form, has been usually supposed to be the city itself. The third element, in this group of three, is the primitive sanctuary of Circe, the famous temple rebuilt at various times, which crowns the summit of the highest peak on the promontory, toward the centre of the mountain. These ruins at Circeii were the first to attract, early in the century, the attention of the archaeologist Dodwell, who then started an investigation of this entire class of monuments that resulted in the craze for " Pelasgic " monuments which marked the first thirty years of this century. They are unique in character, and it is desirable that the School should have a survey made of them. It seems to me that it is chiefly by such original work, under- taken each year, that our School can attain to a high position among similar institutions, and justify the money and energy employed in establishing it. My wwk in the Volscian hills was continued well into the month of July. Sig. Piernovelli was then completing the copies of the casts of the Beneventum arch for American museums, after the original set from which they were to be taken had been brought from Beneventum to Rome. Supervision of this final part of the work and arrangements for the packing and shipping of the casts to America kept me in Rome until August 22, through nearly all the hot season. ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, JR., Associate Director. PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY. SECOND SERIES VOL. I (1897) PLATE II ARCH OF TRAJAN AT BENEVENTUM AMERICAN JOTJRML oFARCH&Ebi.OG'SSECOND SERIES FOUR DIVINITIES FROM ARCH OI^TRAJAN AT B E NE YENTUM . American iKr) Trepi roiv Aiyos Konstantinides, G., '£#1/1*07 Bi^SXto^Kr; T^S 'EXAaSo? : €K#ecns TWV Kara TO ITOS 1895-96 TrtTrpay/AeVw. Lambros, S. P., 'H 'Ovo/xaToA.oyia T^S 'Arrt/c^s tal rj eis T^V \(apav €7rot'/o;o-is TWV 'AX/8avaiv. Bartlett, Helen, The Metrical Division of the Paris Psalters. Heberdey, R., and Wilhelm, A., Reisen in Kilikien. Argyriades, J., Aiop^too-cis ets TO. 'Apto-Tore'Aous HoXiTiKci. TtCxos A'. Hoppin, James M., Greek Art on Greek Soil. Karo, G., De Arte Vascularia antiquissima quaestiones (dissertation). Svoronos, J. N., $ws CTTI T&V dpx<"oA.oyiKuiv REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR, 1896-97 115 Svoronos, J. N"., 'E#i/iKov No/x.ioyjaTi/coi' Mouo-eiov : IK&O-IS TU>I/ Kara TO aKaSjy/xuxKov CTOS 1891-92 7re7r/oay/M€vwv. Kjellberg, Leunart, Asklepios : mythologisch-archaologische Studien. I. Kinch, K. F., Beretning om en archaeologist Rejse i Makedonien. Washington, H. S., On Igneous Rocks from Smyrna and Pergamon. Newton, H. A., The Worship of Meteorites. From Dr. H. S. Washington. Stimson, J. W., Principles and Methods in Art Education. Leonardos, B. I., Kprn/ca KOI 'Ep/x^veimKa eis TOV TlXovrdpxov 'EpamKov. ' / ^Vj( :F «; *' -!,^^?V.t C c% fi P AN K>w^-^.^ *\-^*- PLAN f^ OF A PART OF 1 i ASSOS SHOWING AGORA , THEATRE ,/«j GYMNASIUM .CITY GATE ETC uj ; SOUTH E VOL. I (1897). PLATE IV OF BATHS, RESTORED AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. I (1897) PLATE V t/7 O w O O E g o u. 2 a: ua [Q UJ O AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. I (1897) PLATE VI 2 O I O X UJ t < w < O u. o Q w 2 ua w AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES l['OTl!| "W.i'U ;/;V'/VM V'fP^': • •.••'"u,j:i^r., •-• , ^tjHia^i'V;- te4»^;s«arvJM^S »4,'r: • ^'k.iw! , .'••• :&Jr^\»:«^- '( • ^'^E&t&^Mu -. t\'VW"w;i*»Kfto4a.i, WESTERN STREET OF TOMBS AT AS5OS . \g? •* f*. «r ,;;;rfr TOMB No. XVI 'LARGE ORNAMENTED SARCOPHAGUS" You. I (1897). PLATE VII COLUMN TOMB AT ASSOS TOMB No. XXI AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. 1 (1897). PLATE VIII #^ .f-'^~ '^i^TSW^ ?rj»*S *" -, v-- ^^/T^.-VV^ >^ %^^^- ^f ^ €^^^>!>^ M,tf s^- VAULTED TOMB IN"FIELD" AT ASSOS SHOWING METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION RtSTOntO AND DRAWN BY FRANCIS H.BACON VAULTED TOMB IN FIELD REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF ART, 1896-97 119 arranged. I hope also within this year to complete the manu- script and illustrations for the department of sculpture. I cannot close without referring to the fact that this is my ninth and last year of official connection with the School ; and I look back upon these years, during which I have been Director and Professor, with mingled feelings in which is pre- dominant an intense gratitude for the opportunities of labor which have been afforded me in the great cause which we all have equally at heart. If I venture to think that my own efforts have in some degree contributed to the undoubted advance which the School has made in every direction, I do so only with the sincere hope that its future will be still more useful and fruitful and glorious. As I am writing I hear cheers to departing soldiers on the Square ; and, at this critical moment in the history of this dear country, whose memories are ever sacred to us, I feel assured that you, gentlemen, many thousand miles away, will consider the present and the future of this country, and will join me in a tyro) 77 'E\Xa• Committee. WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, J 126 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME At a later date the same Committee on Fellowships, being charged with the duty of making the selections for the year 1897-98, reported the awards as follows : To Howard Crosby Butler, A.B. (Princeton University, 1892), A.M. (ibid., 1893), the Fellowship of the Institute. To George N. Olcott, A.B. (Columbia University, 1893), member of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome in the year 1896-97, the Fellowship of the School. To Clarence Linton Header, A.B. (University of Michigan, 1891), Instructor in Latin in the University of Michigan, and sometime student in the School at Athens (1892-93), the Fellowship in Christian Archaeology. The Managing Committee would have been glad if the Com- mittee upon Fellowships could have completed its labors for the year by publishing and distributing its plan of examination and list of books recommended ; but the Chairman, who was soon to sail for Italy to assume the direction of the School, asked to be relieved. A new committee was accordingly appointed, consisting of Professors Minton Warren, of the Johns Hopkins University, Professor E. T. Merrill, of Wesleyan Uni- versity, and Professor Allan Marquand, of Princeton University, with the understanding that Professor Merrill should act as Chairman until Professor Warren's return. This Committee gave still further study to the scheme of examinations and to the list of recommended books, and sent out a circular which was reprinted in the first Report of the School. Continuing its labors through the summer, it selected from the long list of recommended books those which it regarded as especially help- ful to candidates for Fellowships. The announcement, and the briefer list which it prepared, here follow : ANNOUNCEMENT OF EXAMINATIONS OF CANDIDATES FOR THE FELLOWSHIPS OF 1898-99 1. Latin. One and one-half hours. {Tuesday, May 17, at 3 P.JIT.) 2. Greek. One and one-half hours. (Tuesday, May 17, at 4:30 p.x.) The examinations in these subjects are designed chiefly to test the can- didate's acquaintance with the literary sources of investigation in classical history and archaeology, and his ability to read the classical authors for pur- poses of research. SECOND ANNUAL REPORT, 1896-97 127 3. The Elements of Latin Epigraphy. Two hours. (Thursday, May 19, at 9 A.M.) J. C. Egbert, Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions (New York, 1896). SUPPLEMENTARY: H. Dessau, Inscripliones Latinae Selectae (Vol. I, Berlin, 1892; Vol. II is soon to be published), or G. Wilmanns, Exempla Inscriptionum Latinarum in usum praecipue acadeniicum (2 vols., Berlin, 1873). G. M. Rushforth, Latin Historical Inscriptions (Oxford, 1893). (For candidates for the Fellowship in Christian Archaeology.) Northcote and Brownlow, Roma Sotterranea, Part III. SUPPLEMENTARY : G. B. De Rossi, Inscripliones Christianae Urbis Romae septimo saeculo antiquiores (Rome, Vol. I, 1861 ; Vol. II, 1888). REFERENCE : F. X. Kraus, Die altchristlichen Inschriften der Rheinldnder (Freiburg i. Br., 1890). L. Le Blant, Inscriptions chre'tiennes de la Gaule (Paris, 1856-65). E. Hiibner, Inscriptiones Hispaniae Christianae (Berlin, 1871), and Inscriptiones Britanniae Christianae (Berlin, 1876). F. Ritschl and others, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (15 vols., Berlin, 1862-). E. Hiibner, Exempla Scripturae Epigraphicae (Berlin, 1885). T. Mornmsen, Res Gestae Divi Augusti, with facsimile of the Monmnentum Ancyranum (2d ed., Berlin, 1883). 4. The Elements of Latin Palaeography. One hour. ( Wednesday, May 18, at 9 A.M. This subject is not required of candidates for the Fellowship in Christian Archaeology.) E. M. Thompson, Handbook of Greek and Roman Palaeography, Chap- ters i-vii and xiii-xviii (New York, 1893), or C. Paoli, Lateinische Palaeo- graphie und Urkundenlehre, tr. by K. Lohmeyer (Innsbruck, 1889, 1895) ; with practice in W. Arndt, Schrifttafeln zur Erlernung der lateinischen Palaeographie (Berlin, 1897, 1888), or E. Chatelain, Paleographie des clas- siques latins (Paris, 1884-). SUPPLEMENTARY: Zangemeister and Wattenbach, Exempla codicum Latinorum litteris maiusculis scriptorum (Heidelberg, 1876, 1879). REFERENCE: T. Birt, Das antike Buchwesen (Berlin, 1882). W. Wat- tenbach, Das Schriftwesen im Mittelalter (3d ed., Leipzig, 1896). W. M. Lindsay, An Introduction to Latin Textual Emendation (London, 1896). 5. The Physical and Political Geography of Ancient Italy. One half- hour. ( Wednesday, May 18, at 5 P.M) H. Kiepert, Manual of Ancient Geography, Chapter ix (London, 1881), and Atlas Antiquus, Tabb. vii-ix. SUPPLEMENTARY: J. Jung, Geographic von Italien (in Iw. v. Miiller's Handbuch, Vol. Ill, pp. 467 ff.). H. Nissen, Italische Landeskunde (Vol. I, Berlin, 1883). 6. Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome and its Neighborhood. Two hours. ( Wednesday, May 18, at 3 P.M) 128 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME O. Richter, Topographic der Stadt Rom (in Iw. v. Miiller's Handbuch, Vol. Ill, pp. 725 ff.). R. Lanciani, The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome (Boston, 1897). A. Mau, Fuhrer durch Pompeii (2d ed., Naples, 1896). SUPPLEMENTARY: J. H. Middleton, The Remains of Ancient Rome (2 vols., London, 1892). J. Dennie, Rome of To-Day and Yesterday; The Pagan City (3d ed., New York and London, 1896). R. Lanciani, Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries, and Pagan and Christian Rome (London and Boston, 1888, 1893). A. Schneider, Das Alte Rom (Leipzig, 1896). Kiepert and Hiilsen, Formae Urbis Romae Antiquae (Berlin, 1896), containing three excellent maps, with valuable topographical index. REFERENCE : O. Gilbert, Geschichte und Topographic der Stadt Rom im Alterthum (3 parts, Leipzig, 1883, 1885, 1890). H. Jordan, Topographic der Stadt Rom im Alterthum (Berlin, Vols. I, 1, 2; II, 1878, 1885; 1871). Overbeck-Mau, Pompeii in seinen Gebauden, etc. (4th ed., Leipzig, 1884). R. Lanciani, Forma Urbis Romae (Milan, 1893-). 7. Introduction to Etruscan and Roman Archaeology. (Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Pottery, Coins.) Two hours. ( Wednesday, May 18, at 10 A.M. This subject is not required of candidates for the Fellowship in Christian Archaeology.) a. ETRUSCAN. J. Martha, L'Art etrusque (Paris, 1889). SUPPLEMENTARY : G. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria (3d ed., London, 2 vols., 1883). J. Durm, Die Baukunst der Etrusker (in his Hand- buch der Architektur, II, 2, Darmstadt, 1885). REFERENCE: Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel (5 vols., Berlin, 1843-1893). Brunn and Korte, / rilievi delle urne Etrusche (Rome and Berlin, 2 vols. in 3 pts., 1870-1896). b. ROMAN. J. Martha, L'Archeologie etrusque et romaine, Chapter v to end (Paris, Quantin). Dunn, Die Baukunst der Rb'mer (in his Handbuch der Architektur, Darmstadt, 1885). F. B. Tarbell, History of Greek Art (Meadville, Pa., 1896). L. M. Mitchell, History of Ancient Sculpture, last chapter (New York and London, 1883). H. v. Rohden, Malerei and Vasen- kunde, and R. Weil (Romische) Miinzkunde (in Baumeister's Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums, Vol. II, pp. 851-880, 963-968; Vol. Ill, pp. 1931- 2011). SUPPLEMENTARY: A. Choisy, L'Art de batir chez les Romains (Paris, 1876). A. Furtwangler, Masterpieces of Greek Sculpture (New York, 1895). A. Mau, Geschichte der decorativen Wandmalerei in Pompeii (Berlin, 1882). REFERENCE : H. v. Brunn, Denkmaler der griechischen und rb'mischen Skulptur (Munich, 1888-1897). J. J. Bernoulli, Romische Ikonographie (Stuttgart, 2 vols. in 4 pts., 1882-1891). W. Helbig, Guide to the Public Collections of Classical Antiquities in Rome (Leipzig, 1896). Th. Mommsen, Histoire de la monnaie romaine, translated from the German by De Blacas and De Witte (Paris, 4 vols., 1873-1875). SECOND ANNUAL REPORT, 1896-97 129 8. Introduction to Christian Archaeology. (Architecture, Sculpture, Painting.) Three hours. ( Wednesday, May 18, at 9 A.M. This subject is required only of candidates for the Fellowship in Christian Archaeology.) F. B. Tarbell, History of Greek Art (Meadville, Pa., 1896). F. X. Kraus, Geschichte der christlichen Kunst (Freiburg im Br., Vol. I, 1896). J. S. Northcote and W. R. Brownlow, Roma Sotterranea (2d ed., 2 vols., London, 1879). SUPPLEMENTARY : V. Schultze, Archaologic der altchristlichen Kunst (Munich, 1895). Perate, L'Archeologie chretienne (Paris, 1892). H. Holt- zinger, Die altchristliche Architektur (Stuttgart, 1889). C. Bayet, L'Art byzantin (Paris, Quantin). REFERENCE : R. Garrucci, Storia dell' arte cristiana nei primi otto secoli della Chiesa (Prato, 6 vols., 1873-1881). Dehio and Bezold, Die kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlands (Stuttgart, 1887-). 9. Italian. One hour. ( Thursday, May 19, at 11 A.M.) Candidates will be expected to show familiarity with the ordinary words and idioms of conversation, and ability to read simple Italian prose. C. H. Grandgent, Italian Grammar (3d ed., Boston, 1894) and Composition (Boston, 1894). B. L. Bowen, First Italian Readings (Boston, 1896). Fassano, Viaggio a Roma: Sprachfuhrer fur Deutsche in Italien (Berlin, 4th ed., 1895). T. Millhouse, English-Italian and Italian-English Dictionary (4th ed., 2 vols., London and New York). For additional reading the following works are recommended : Goldoni, // Burbe.ro benejico or La Locandiera ; Farina, Fante di picche, II Signor lo, Amor bendato ; De Amicis, La Vita militare, Spagna, Cuore ; Pellico, Le mie Prigioni ; Barrili. Donna di picche, Una Notte bizzarra ; Verga, Novelle : and especially the archaeological papers published in Italian in the periodicals mentioned in the fuller list in the Appendix. In the spring of 1898, the Managing Committee of the American School in Rome will award three Fellowships in the School, — two bf $600 each, and the third (in Christian Archaeology) of $500 — for the year 1898-99. These > Fellowships are open to all Bachelors of Arts of Universities and Colleges in the United States of America, and to other American students of similar ||( attainments. They will be awarded chiefly on the basis of competitive writ- ten examinations ; but other evidence of ability and attainments on the part of candidates will be considered. Each candidate must announce in writing his intention to offer himself for examination. This announcement must be made to the Chairman of the Committee on Fellowships (Professor Minton Warren, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.), and must be in his hands not later than April 1, 1898. The receipt of the application will be acknowledged, and the can- didate will receive a blank to be filled out at his convenience, and handed in at the time of the examination, in which he will give information in regard to his studies and attainments. A copy of this blank may also be obtained at any time by application to the Chairman of the Committee on Fellowships. 130 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN SOME The examinations will be held on Tuesday and Wednesday, and on Thurs- day morning, May 17, 18, and 19, 1898, at the American School in Rome, at the American School at Athens, at any of the Universities and Colleges in America represented on the Managing Committee of the School interested, and at such other places as may be later designated. The award of the Fellowships will be made, and notice thereof sent to all candidates, as soon as practicable after the examinations are held. The subjects covered by the examinations with the precise time assigned to each are given above. In the lists of books appended to Nos. 3-9, those in the first paragraph will serve to indicate the extent of the requirement in each case : those designated as supplementary are recommended for further study and reference, as oppor- tunity may allow. Correspondence on the subject of the Fellowships of the School in Rome should be addressed to Professor Minton Warren, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. At the meeting of the Managing Committee already referred to (namely, on May 8, 1897), the Chairman, the Secretary, and the Treasurer were reflected, Mr. Richard Norton, of Bryn Mawr College, was appointed to be Professor of Archaeology in the School during the year 1897-98, and Professor Tracy Peck, of Yale University, was invited to be the Director of the School in 1898-99. Professor Allan Marquand, of Prince- ton University, was appointed to represent the School upon the Editorial Board of the Journal of the Institute. It was also enacted that the Editor-in-Chief of this Board should be a member, ex officio, of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome. Though no formal action was taken at the meeting, the thanks of the Committee should be here expressed to the out-going President of the Institute, President Seth Low, of Columbia University (who resigned before the last session of the Council), for his friendly and appreciative attitude toward the School in Rome in the deliberations of the Institute, and for his own substantial contributions. Professor Harry Thurston Peck, of Columbia University, and Hon. Stephen Salisbury, of Worcester, Mass., have resigned from the Managing Committee on account of the pressure of other engagements, and in their places Professor J. C. Egbert, SECOND ANNUAL REPORT, 1896-97 131 Jr., of Columbia University, and Mr. Samuel S. Green, of Worcester, Mass., have been elected. The Committee has been further strengthened by the addition of the f olloAving members : Professor Charles E. Bennett, of Cornell University ; Mrs. Emmons Elaine, of Chicago ; Mr. Henry P. Emerson, of Buffalo, N.Y. ; Professor Samuel Hart, of Trinity College, Hartford, Ct.; and Professor Arthur T. Walker, of the Uni- versity of Kansas. The Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Institute, Professor John Henry Wright, of Harvard University, becomes a member, ex officio, and the President of the Institute, Professor John Williams White, of Harvard University, passes to ex officio membership from elective membership. Against this record of activity is to be set a record of heavy loss. Young as the School is, it has already to deplore the death of two members of its Managing Committee, and of two of its most generous givers. Although, at the time of its incep- tion, Professor George M. Lane was already under the shadow of declining health, his counsels with regard to the conduct of the School were asked with the certainty that they would be freely given, and to his interest is also due a good part of the contri- bution of New England to the fund. Mr. W. W. Story's help- fulness to the School, through his sympathy with its purposes, and his knowledge of the conditions of Roman official and social life, would have been invaluable to it, if death had spared him to see it actually planted upon Roman soil. The contri- butions of Mr. Martin Brimmer of Boston, and of Mrs. Eliza- beth H. Stickney of Chicago, formed a very appreciable past of the sum raised for the School in the hurried four months in which its fate was first at stake ; and the generous sympathy and prompt help accorded by the latter, upon the representa- tions of an equally generous woman who would not desire here to be named, put the Chairman, at a time when success had seemed more than doubtful, under a deep obligation which he may now be permitted to express. The name of Professor George M. Richardson, of the University of California, who 132 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME died this year in Athens, all too young, should be added to the list of losses though he held no direct relation to the School ; for the contribution of San Francisco is mainly due to the zeal and patience with which he made the cause of the School known to the people of that city. It is, perhaps, not too early to ask whether the institution which these generous and devoted friends have helped to found has proved to be worthy of the hopes with which it was projected. The promise of such an institution is to be seen largely in the character and previous training of the students whom it attracts, in the interests it arouses and the capacities which it develops in these students, and in its helpful influence upon their subsequent careers. The students of the School in Rome have, as a class, been men of distinct ability. All of them had received the degree of Bachelor of Arts before becoming mem- bers. A notable number of them had done some graduate work in American or German Universities after taking that degree. Of the twenty who have been enrolled in these first two years, thirteen had had one or more years of study after graduation, the institutions whose advanced work had thus contributed to their preparation being the Universities of Berlin, Bonn, Chicago, De Pauw, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, Michigan, Princeton, Toronto, Vanderbilt, and Yale, and Princeton and Union Theological Seminaries. Three of the twenty had already received the Degree of Doctor of Philoso- phy. Four had previously held positions as teachers in Ameri- can colleges or universities, these institutions being Millsaps College, Olivet College, the University of Toronto, and the University of Missouri. Nine had won Fellowships or Scholar- ships in American Universities, and held them while members of the School, the institutions thus represented being Chicago, Columbia, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, and Northwestern. Such has been the character of the students. As to the interest which the work of the School has aroused in them, the papers which are soon to be published in the official organ of the SECOND ANNUAL REPORT, 1896-97 133 Institute, the American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series, will, I believe, give ample proof.1 As regards the third evidence of usefulness, the helpful influence of the School upon the after careers of its students, the promise is already striking. Of the students of the first year, Mr. Tamblyn was appointed to a Fellowship in Columbia University ; Professor Dixon and Messrs. Hellems and Shipley were reappointed to Fellowships in the University of Chicago, and Mr. Walter Dennison was reflected Fellow of the School ; Dr. Burton was appointed to an Instructorship in Latin in Dartmouth College, to fill the vacancy for a part of the year made by the absence of Pro- fessor Moore. Professor Swearingen returned to the professor- ship of Latin in Millsaps College. Of the second-year students, Mr. Hoeing was elected Fellow of the Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, and Mr. Olcott Fellow of the School. Before the close of the academic year 1896-97, Mr. W. K. Denison and Mr. Shipley, of the first-year students, received appointments to college positions, the former to an Assistant Professorship of Latin in Tufts College, the latter to an Assistantship in Latin in the University of Chicago ; Mr. William Dennison, a member of the School in both years, was appointed to an Instructorship in Latin in the University of Michigan ; and Mr. Laing, a member in the second year, was appointed to a 1 It is worth mentioning, in this connection, that one of the members of the first year, Mr. Shipley, whose interest in palaeography had led him to take up work upon the Vatican manuscript Reginensis 762 of Livy, went to Paris in the summer to study its original, and was then, in consequence of fresh questions which arose in the progress of his work, led back to the Roman manuscript, to which he devoted the first three months of the second year ; and that Professor Dixon, after returning to this country, went back to Europe to make good the lack of complete collations of certain of the most important secondary manuscripts of Catullus in the libraries of Paris, Rome, Florence, Berlin, and Hamburg, and had finished his work upon the manuscripts known as C, P, V, A, La2, and Riccard. 606, before he was summoned home by illness in his family. I may add that, inasmuch as full new collations had been made, in the summer of 1896, of A in Milan and B in Bologna, the former by Mr. Shipley and the latter by Professor Dixon, the collations of D, H, and L alone remained to be arranged for, to complete the material necessary for a final settlement of the question of the origin of the secondary manuscripts of Catullus (see the first Report of the School, p. 37). 134 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME Readership in Latin in Bryn Mawr College. The service which the School in Athens has rendered in preparing young men of promise for positions as teachers in our higher insti- tutions of learning is thus evidently to be repeated in the case of the School in Rome ; and the importance of this influ- ence upon the education of the country is obviously great. Not less important, even if at first less obvious, is the service which the School is destined to render in the opportunities which it gives to students of Art, like Mr. Branson, and stu- dents of early Christian Art and Institutions, like the Rev. Walter Lowrie, now curate of St. James Parish Church, Philadelphia. It may accordingly be said that the School has amply justi- fied its existence. Is it to continue to exist ? And, if so, is it to flourish, or is it to languish? The first question, and pos- sibly the second, will be answered in the year now opening. When the School was established, upon subscriptions pledged for three years, a reserve of two thousand dollars was set aside against contingencies. The financial management has been careful. The cost of the first-year work at Beneventum, while large, was finally covered by special contributions from friends of the enterprise. For the regular expenses of the same year, a saving of sixteen hundred and sixty-six dollars was made from the amount appropriated by the Committee ; while, in the second year, a similar saving of eight hundred arid eighty has been effected. Yet so considerable has been the shrinkage in the subscriptions, — mainly because of the financial distress which overtook the country in 1896, — that, but for the reserve fund mentioned, the School would have been left with insufficient means for the third of its initial three years, the present year of 1897-98. As it is, all plans that had been made can be carried out to the full, and all obligations met. But the future at the end of the year, — a future now immediately confronting us, — remains in doubt. The 'School was established upon a temporary basis through funds contributed by men and women scattered over many SECOND ANNUAL REPORT, 1896-97 185 parts of the country. The School at Athens has been able to depend in part upon annual contributions from a number of colleges and universities. It seemed unwise to jeopardize the existence of that School, or even to run the risk of impairing its vigor, by attempting to draw upon the same sources for the School in Rome. Government support, such as provides a generous maintenance . for the German, Austrian, and French Schools of a similar kind in Rome, is of course out of the ques- tion. It is, then, not to the colleges or the Government, but to the men and women of cultivated tastes in our country, and to Americans resident in Europe, that the School in Rome must owe its future success or failure. No nobler enterprise could possibly offer its appeal, nor any with which one could, with greater certainty of service through unnumbered years, associate his name, — or, in memoriam, the name of some other, — whether as endower of the School, or as giver of a building, or of funds for Fellowships or books. To equip the School with an endow- ment which would enable it to provide for instruction and investigation on as generous a scale as the German Institute, would require (if we look forward to a time when the rate of interest will be four per cent.) the sum of five hundred thou- sand dollars ; but the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars would enable it at once to have a permanent Director and a permanent home. A suitable home alone might probably be secured and furnished for the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars, and would do much to bring stability to the enterprise and fresh hope to those who are giving freely of what they have to bestow, namely, time and labor, in its service. ' The sum of twelve thousand dollars, drawing interest at the rate of five per cent., or fifteen thousand at four per cent., would provide for one of the two Fellowships in Archaeology which should be maintained in addition to the Fellowship granted by the Archaeological Institute, and the sum of ten thousand dollars would provide for the absolutely necessary yearly addi- tion to the Library. Our country is noted throughout the world for the liberality with which its private citizens have SCHOOL LS HOME endowed, an d continue still to txtdwr, institutions of It is to be L.ope-d tlia-t tla*> tuuue libenlitir wiH soon upon j.»eriaaiifut and rtrong foTindatioiifc. tbt- new institution in Home. TR'ldcL ofl'erts oj.»jjoit.unitie*; for a/lvanoe/d -wctj-I- oj tL< e*;t interest and irupojlvance. — opportunities long wnoe o the voung of otLej- natiou*. but unri] now poetieall j d the young men and young women <*f Anteiieai- W1L CAEDXEE HALE, REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1896-97 To the Managing Committee of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome : GENTLEMEN, — I have the honor to submit my report as Director of the School in Rome during the year 1896-97. Wishing to have the advantage of a summer in Italy prior to the opening of the School, I left America on the 30th of May, and arrived in Naples on the llth of June. I spent some time in Naples, Pompeii, Capri, and Castellammare, and went to Rome for about a week in the latter part of June. Here I enjoyed the hospitality of my predecessor in office, Professor Hale. I became acquainted with several of the students and was enabled to see something of the practical working of the School, although of course the regular lectures had been con- cluded. I saw many evidences, however, of the great inter- est which the members of the School were taking, both in inscriptions and in' palaeography. From the experience of Professors Hale and Frothingham, I learned much that was of practical value to me in the subsequent year. The steps which led to our renting the Villa Cheremeteff, Via Gaeta 2, formerly leased by Mr. Waldo Story, have been narrated else- where. I am happy to be able to state that, after the experience of the year, I see no reason to regret our choice of quarters for the School. The library is light and airy and very cheerful, and there has been no difficulty in heating it. The students have found it much more comfortable for purposes of study than their own rooms in lodging-houses, so that it has been frequented not only during the day, but in the evenings, the hour of closing being 10 P.M. Besides the library, which is in 137 138 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME two connecting rooms, there is on the same floor a study for the Professor of Archaeology, and two other rooms which have been used by the students, one as a cloak-room, and one for work upon inscriptions. In the two upper floors there are ample living-rooms for the Director and his family. The drawing-room, being large, and tastefully furnished by Mr. Story, has, with the adjoining tea-room and well-lighted " galleria," proved to be very well adapted for social occasions. The " galleria " itself easily accommodates forty or fifty persons, and was used several times during the winter for lectures on subjects connected with the history of art. Having spent the greater part of the summer in the Tuscan Apennines, I took possession of the house on the first of Octo- ber, and devoted the next two weeks to putting the library in order and making other necessary preparations for the year's work. Although the students had not all arrived, I gave my opening lecture on October 15, and from that time on lectured three times a week on palaeography until the middle of Decem- ber. Nearly all of the students were in Rome for the first time, and their knowledge of the topography of the city had been derived entirely from books. It was accordingly arranged that Mr. Walter Dennison, whose fellowship had been renewed, should perform a service similar to that rendered by him to the School the year before, by taking the students on topographi- cal expeditions to important sites, familiarizing them with the general subject, and so rendering them better prepared to benefit from the systematic course of Professor Hiilsen, of the German Archaeological Institute. Although the number of students taking his course this year was unusually large, Pro- fessor Hiilsen kindly permitted our students to participate in it. Unfortunately he was called to Berlin by a family afflic- tion just at the time when he would have begun his lectures, and so was compelled to postpone the opening of his course and to condense it into a shorter period, namely, from the 30th of November until the beginning of January. Some of the lec- tures were given upon the sites discussed, and some in the REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR, 1896-97 139 rooms of the German Institute. Nearly if not quite all of our students had sufficient knowledge of spoken German to follow the lectures intelligently from the start, and their interest in- creased with the progress of the course, leading them to do much supplementary reading, and to take a more critical atti- tude toward some of the leading handbooks on the subject. Lectures from so accomplished a master could not fail to be most profitable and stimulating. Two books recently issued were of great assistance, namely, the Formae Urbis Romae Anti- quae, by Kiepert and Hiilsen, and A. Schneider's Das alte Rom, with its twelve transparent plans of the city at different epochs. Professor Marquand was unfortunately prevented by the necessity of attending the Princeton sesqui-centennial celebra- tion from being present at the opening of the School year, but he arrived in Rome on the 5th of November. From the first our relations were most cordial and pleasant, and I was greatly strengthened by his counsel and support. Shortly after his arrival he began lecturing twice a week on Etruscan, Roman, and early Christian art, and this course was continued, with the exception of the Christmas recess, until the end of March. The students consequently had, as will appear, for most of the time up to the beginning of April, five lectures a week within the School, an amount which, in my opinion, it would be well not to exceed in the future. Should students, indeed, come better prepared in their fundamental subjects, it might be well for both professors and students to give less time to lectures and more to individual research. Of the students this year, but three had made any previous study of palaeography. The regular attendants upon all the lectures of the School were : Walter Dennison, A.B. (University of Michigan, 1893) ; Fellow of the School (1895-96 and 1896-97). Gordon J. Laing, A.B. (University of Toronto, 1891); Ph.D. (Johns Hop- kins University, 1896) ; Fellow of Johns Hopkins (1895-96) ; Fellow of the School. Albert F. Earnshaw, A.B. (Princeton University, 1892); Graduate of Union Theological Seminary, New York (1896) ; Fellow of the School. 140 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME John M. Burnam, A.B. (Yale University, 1884) ; Ph.D. (ibid., 1886) ; Assist- ant Professor of Latin in the University of Missouri. Charles Hoeing, A.B. (State University of Kentucky, 1890) ; Graduate stu- dent of Johns Hopkins (1893-96) ; Fellow of Johns Hopkins (1896-97), with permission to reside in Rome. George N. Olcott, A.B. (Columbia University, 1893) ; Travelling Fellow of Columbia University (1896-97). Jesse S. Johnson, A.B. (De Pauw University, 1892) ; Instructor at De Pauw University (1893-96). Edmund D. Scott, A.B. (Yale University, 1889). Karl E. Weston, A.B. (Williams College, 1896). Mr. Shipley, Fellow of Chicago University, who had been a member of the School in the previous year, continued in resi- dence until December, but as he was engaged in work upon manuscripts in the Vatican he took little part in the regular exercises of the School. He was, however, very helpful in completing the catalogue of the library, and in giving the benefit of his longer experience in Rome to the new students. Toward the end of the year Professor Dixon of Chicago came to work on Catullus manuscripts, and also made use of the School library. Of the students named above, Mr. Olcott and Mr. Scott were unavoidably prevented from being present at the opening of the School year, but they arrived soon after, having pre- viously informed me of their intention to become members of the School. Mr. Weston was obliged to accompany his sister to Paris early in April, and Mr. Scott and Mr. Johnson were compelled for urgent reasons to return to America in June, thus failing to complete the required term of ten months. Mr. Olcott, one of the ablest of our students, had the misfortune to contract an illness which necessitated an absence of two months. I am happy to be able to say that he completely recovered, and that, as is stated in the Chairman's report, he has been ap- pointed Fellow for the coming year. A glance at the above list will show that, with one exception, our students were graduates of several years' standing. In most cases their pre- vious training had been good, and they had attained a certain maturity of judgment which does not always come with years. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR, 1896-97 141 I desire to express here my gratification at the fidelity and earnestness which they displayed in their work, and for the entire harmony which characterized their relations to the School. Besides the above-named, Miss Talcott, formerly connected with Smith College, Northampton, Mass., and Miss Butler, of Yonkers, New York, were received as special students, taking only the lectures on art by Professor Marquand. To proceed with my own work. As soon as the students had received a good introduction to the study of palaeography, and had had considerable practice in reading the various hand- writings of different periods, I set them to work upon manu- scripts in the Vatican, in December. They were thus enabled to begin practical work of this sort at a somewhat earlier date than the students of the previous year, as the course under Pro- fessor Melampo in 1895-96 did not begin until December 3. Several of them developed considerable interest in the subject, and when other duties permitted were assiduous in their attendance upon the Vatican Library nearly up to the time of its closing. To the results of this work I shall allude later. In January, I began a course of lectures on epigraphy, three times a week, and this course was continued into April. The students made use of the manuals of Cagnat and Egbert, and, in connection with the lectures, to the students was assigned a certain amount of practical work upon inscriptions in the vari- ous museums and galleries, each taking an important inscrip- tion or group of inscriptions to be discussed in the presence of the monuments themselves. One student took up the earliest inscriptions in the Museo delle Terme, another the Columna Rostrata, another all the Scipio inscriptions in the Vatican, another the inscriptions of the Ludi Saeculares, another the Acta Fratrum Arvalium, another all the Mithras' monuments and inscriptions in the Vatican, another important Christian inscriptions. Mr. Olcott, who had made extensive prepara- tions for a paper on inscriptions in the Columbaria, was pre- vented from completing it by his illness. Mr. Burnam, also, on account of trouble with his eyes, had to abandon a paper on 142 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME the terminal cippi of the Tiber in the Museo delle Terme, one of which had been recently discovered. I mention these sub- jects in some detail to show the variety of the work under- taken. Other classes of inscriptions not included in the above were of course treated in the regular lectures. The students were encouraged to make squeezes of important inscriptions illustrating various styles of writing, which they could take back to America for use in class work. As it is rarely pos- sible to bring to this country the inscriptions themselves, I believe that the general interest in the subject would be greatly quickened if larger use were made of squeezes and rubbings. The School already possesses a number of short inscriptions, and I began a collection of squeezes to become the property of the School, which I hope will be added to from year to year, and be of increasing value to future Directors, although, of course, squeezes are not so much needed in Rome as in this country. For Oscan inscriptions the case is different, and as I hope in future years more attention may be paid to dialectal inscriptions than has as yet been possible, I am glad to be able to state that Mr. Walter Dennison has generously provided the School with a large number of squeezes of Oscan inscriptions made by him in Naples and the vicinity. Of the great fascination which attaches to the study of inscriptions on the spot, I need add nothing to what has been said in the report of my predecessor. I am confident that the interest aroused in the students of the School in Rome, from year to year, will lead to greater attention being paid in our colleges to Latin epigraphy, a subject hitherto sadly neglected. Still more neglected has been the science of numismatics, for the study of which, as well as for the collecting of coins, the opportuni- ties in Rome are unrivalled. Moreover, it is easier to trans- port coins to this country than inscriptions, so that the School may justly be expected to do missionary work in this field, the importance of which was clearly recognized by the first Direc- tor. By an arrangement similar to that of last year, Professor Stevenson, Curator of Coins at the Vatican, was engaged to REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR, 1896-97 143 give a course of lectures in the Vatican twice a week, but unhappily, by reason of a severe illness, he was obliged to discontinue the course after the fifth lecture, and by the time that he recovered our men had gone to Pompeii and it was too late to resume the course. Professor Stevenson is a most earnest and stimulating lecturer, and it would be difficult to express the disappointment felt by our students over the neces- sary discontinuance of a course in which they all took the greatest interest. In future I should recommend that the course begin earlier. This year it began January 15, a time when the Vatican, for persons sensitive to cold, is not comfort- able. No one who goes to Rome neglects to visit the Catacombs, but most people see them in a very cursory and unsatisfactory manner, with little or no intelligent guidance, and, being hur- ried through by the light of dim tapers, have no opportunity for real study. The School therefore enjoys a great privilege in being able to explore in a more leisurely way the important Catacombs under the learned direction of Professor Marucchi, a scholar of great versatility and a recognized authority in Christian Archaeology. The lectures this year were given in March and April, and the Catacombs visited were those of Saints Callixtus, Domitilla, Priscilla, Agnese, and the Cimitero Ostriano. In all but one of these expeditions I myself took part, and can testify to the unflagging interest of the students, as Professor Marucchi, in perambulating talks lasting two or three hours, explained the various symbols of Christian art, calling attention to important inscriptions, and pointing out the distinguishing features of each Catacomb. Owing to the war in Greece, and the consequent suspension of Dr. Dorpfeld's usual excursions, none of our students went to Greece this year. The lectures of our School had been planned to end the 1st of April in order to permit of their going. To many of the students it was a severe disappoint- ment not to be able to enjoy the privileges extended by the sister school at Athens, and not to have the inspiration of Dr. 144 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME Dorpfeld's guidance through the historic sites of Greece. Wishing to provide some substitute for this anticipated course, I decided, on consultation with Professor Marquand, to engage Professor Loewy, of the University of Rome, to give a course of lectures on the development of Greek sculpture as illustrated by important statues in the various museums, and by the casts belonging to the museum of the University. This course was given in April, and the expense of it was generously defrayed by my friend Mrs. Bertram Webb, of Salem, Massachusetts. Twelve lectures were given, each lasting more than two hours, and so far as could be done in so short a time, the ground was well covered, and an excellent impression conveyed of the prod- ucts of different schools and periods. More than one student has expressed to me his personal satisfaction in this course, and the thanks of the School are due to Professor Loewy for his willingness to undertake it at such short notice, and to devote to it even more time than was expected. Soon after the completion of this course the students all went to Pompeii, and for ten days listened to the lectures given by Professor Mau both at Pompeii and in Naples, a course in all essential particulars like that given in the previous year and described by Professor Hale. As our students, however, had not been to Greece, the variety afforded by this excursion away from Rome was probably enjoyed by them even more, and the fascination exerted by Pompeii will never be forgotten. Professor Mau is about to publish a new work in English on Pompeii, and the circle of his American readers will doubtless be greatly increased. The man, however, is always greater than his book, and I hope that future students of the School may be privileged to hear his lectures on the spot, in the tem- ples and houses to whose elucidation he has contributed so much. At the conclusion of this course some of our students pro- ceeded farther south to Sorrento, Amalfi, and Paestum, and after visiting the various towns in the immediate vicinity of Naples, returned to Rome. Some of them also stopped at Capua and REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR, 1896-97 145 Monte Cassino, where one of them did some work on manu- scripts. So much for the stated courses of instruction given under the auspices of the School during the year. Professor Mar- quand, in his report, gives further details as to his own course and his visits to various museums with the students. I may perhaps add here that Professor Lanciani, who from the begin- ning has been most friendly to the School, kindly offered to show the treasures of the Magazzino Archeologico to our stu- dents, and lectured upon them for more than an hour. He and Professor Marquand took the students on an excursion to Monte Cavo. Professor Marquand took them to Veii, and Professor Helbig to Corneto, in which last expedition I was glad to take part, Professor Marquand being prevented from going by ill- ness. We had expected not only to see the famous old tombs with their paintings, which have been known for years, but to be present at the opening of a new one, which might or might not contain important remains. Unhappily, the weather had been so bad for several days before, that the workmen were unable to make the necessary preparations. On the day of our visit it rained but slightly, and we were able to see, under the skil- ful guidance of Professor Helbig, as much of the museum and the tombs as can well be seen in one day. Several other trips which had been planned for the students had to be abandoned on account of the exceptionally rainy weather. They took on their own account the usual excursions about Rome to places like Tivoli, Tusculum, Ostia, Antemnae, Fidenae, etc., and in the Easter vacation an expedition was made to more remote sites in Latium and Etruria. The privileges of the Vatican Library were freely accorded to our students, and Father Ehrle, the Prefect of the Library, showed the greatest kindness in offering them every facility. On the 21st of May he conducted them through the various rooms of the library, devoting at least three hours to showing them illuminated missals, famous manuscripts, early printed editions, and many relics of antiquity and the middle ages not ordinarily seen by the casual visitor. Work was also done by some students on manuscripts in the Sacristy of Saint Peter's, and in the Victor Emmanuel and Barberini libraries. Through the kindness of Monsignor della Volpe, Maggiordomo of the Vatican, permessi for visiting the Vatican and Lateran mu- seums was granted for five months, an extension of two months over the time granted last year. The Ministry of Public In- struction also granted free admission for a year to all the gov- ernment museums and collections in Rome and throughout Italy. These privileges were of great advantage to our stu- dents, saving them much expense and making them free to visit museums even when they had only a short time to spare. They ought all the more to be appreciated as a token of good will, as the granting of permessi of late has been much re- stricted on account of the numerous applications. The Directors of the German Archaeological Institute, of the Austrian and Prussian Historical Institutes, and of the French Academy and School all showed themselves most friendly to the School and its officers. The free use granted of the valuable library of the German Institute was of inestimable value to our students. The British and American Archaeological Soci- ety, unsolicited, kindly granted us the free use of their collec- tion of books, which supplements in some important ways our own library. Mr. W. Lambe, the Honorable Secretary, also sent our students free tickets to many of the lectures given under the auspices of the society (which to non-members cost five lire apiece). Some of these, as, e.g., those of Professor Lanciani and Miss Sellers and Dr. Charles, were greatly en- joyed by those attending. Professor Marquand and I were regularly invited to attend the lectures given under the auspices of the Archaeological Commission in the Magazzino Arche- ologico, to the monthly sessions of the German Archaeological Institute, and of the Pontifical Academy of Archaeology. By the latter society I was honored with an invitation to rep- resent the School at a banquet given in celebration of Rome's birthday. This banquet was held on Sunday, April 24, and REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR, 1896-97 147 I was happy to respond for the School. A few days before, April 21, I had been present at another birthday banquet, given by the Aceademia di S. Luca, a society composed largely of sculptors, painters, and architects. On the occasion of com- memorations in the midst of such men, one is profoundly im- pressed with the fact that Rome is the Eternal City. The accessions to our own library during the year were con- siderable, amounting in all to over 350 volumes, not count- ing current periodicals. Among the important series added, were the Notizie degll Scavi, from the beginning, a full set of the Annali, Bulletini, and Monumenti inediti of the Archaeo- logical Institute from 1829 to 1885, a complete set of the Archiv fur Lateinische Lexikographie and the sixteen volumes of the Museo Borbonico. We have also to thank Macmillan & Co. for presenting 40 selected volumes of their own publications, the University Press of Cambridge, likewise, for presenting 32 vol- umes, and the Clarendon Press of Oxford for presenting nearly 20 volumes. These generous gifts, which I acknowledged imme- diately on behalf of the School, include many valuable works, and are the result of a correspondence initiated by Professor Hale in the previous year. In Rome contributions for the purchase of books were made by Professor Marquand, Mrs. C. J. Wilmarth, of Chicago, Miss Griggs, of Boston, and Miss Butler, of Yonkers. To these is due in part the possibility of purchasing some of the above- named series. Several authors in this country and in Rome sent the School copies of their own works for which due ac- knowledgment was made. I may add here that Professor Marquand presented the School with some valuable specimens of marbles and a considerable number of photographs illustrat- ing Christian art. Dr. Edmonston Charles, a local archaeolo- gist and warm friend of the School, presented it with an interesting and valuable collection of photographs, taken from prints and engravings of Rome as it was in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The School was visited during the year by a great number of 148 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME Americans as well as by people of other nationalities. We were especially happy to entertain a number of Latin and Greek professors, who would naturally take a special interest in our work, and some of whom were glad to make use of our library for a longer or shorter period. Among these visitors 1 may mention Professors Goodwin and Greenough, of Harvard ; Dr. Guy Thompson 1 and Mr. H. F. Roberts, of Yale ; Professor Moore, of Dartmouth ; Professor Sihler, of the University of the City of New York ; Professor Howard, of Colgate ; Professor C. F. Ross, of Allegheny ; Pro- fessor Rolfe, of Michigan ; Professors Hendrickson, Matthews, and Moore, of the University of Chicago ; Professor Blair, of Hampden-Sidney ; Professor Baden, of Central University, Ken- tucky ; Professor Pease, of Stanford ; and Mr. L. J. Richardson, of the University of California. Professor Robinson Ellis, Mr. W. M. Lindsay, and Mr. A. C. Clarke, of Oxford ; Professor Waldstein, of Cambridge and of the American School at Athens, and Professor Sonnenschein, of Birmingham, also visited the School, as well as President D wight, of Yale, and President Raymond, of Wesleyan (Middletown). It was our good fort- une also, late in the session, to entertain our treasurer, Mr. C. C. Cuyler, who, it is to be hoped, discerned for himself some evidences of the School's prosperity. I desire to mention in particular two public meetings of the School partaking in part of a social character. At the first, held in November, we were honored with the presence of Pro- fessor and Mrs. Goodwin, and Professor Goodwin gave the students and the assembled company an interesting account of the excavations in Troy. Mr. Shipley read a paper giving further results of his examination of Livy manuscripts (see the First Report of the School, p. 27), and Mr. Dennison also read a paper based upon his investigations in the previous year, on the division of syllables in inscriptions. At a meeting held April 2, at which six of the professors named in the above list were present, Professor Rolfe, of Ann Arbor, gave us a clear 1 Since deceased. REPOET OF THE DIRECTOR, 1896-97 149 and interesting explanation of the modus operandi of the The- saurus Linguae Latinae as carried on in Munich. Professor Marquand discussed the fragment of the capital of a column recently discovered on the Capitoline. Brief papers were read by several members of the School, as follows : by Mr. Johnson on quotations from Terence, found in Vatican manuscript col- lections of Sententiae, and on the evidence for the copying of the Basilicanus (B) of Terence from the Vaticanus (C) ; by Mr. Hoeing on three manuscripts of Donatus in the Vatican ; by Mr. Weston on the picture manuscripts of Terence, illus- trated by copies in color made by himself, of the figures in the well-known Vaticanus (C) and also in an inferior manuscript of Terence not previously noticed ; by Mr. Dennison on some corrections in the reading of several Oscan inscriptions, illus- trated by squeezes of the same ; by Mr. Burnam on several manuscripts containing glosses to Prudentius and scholia to Statins ; and by Mr. Laing on the Vatican manuscripts of the Fasti of Ovid, of which he had made a collation preparatory to a new edition. I read a paper on a manuscript in the Vatican containing among other things the Expositio Sermonum of Fulgentius, the title of which, not being given, is not noted in the Vatican catalogue, and indicated the results of an examination of the Victorianus (D) of Terence in Florence and the Decurtatus (G) in the Vatican. These papers were all of necessity short, and only intended to show in a general way the work of this sort accomplished by the School. Some of the investigations indicated have been carried still farther in the Vatican and other libraries, and will, I trust, furnish material for publications by the School. For example, Mr. Hoeing started out with the intention of doing for the Andria what Sabbadini had recently done for the Eunuchus, namely, establishing a revised text based upon a new collation of the best manuscripts. He collated the manuscripts in the Vatican including one very difficult manuscript of the thirteenth century, and then went to Paris and Oxford to get 150 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME more material. Before he completed his work, however, a new edition of Donatus by Wessner was announced by Teubner which, when published, may prove to have anticipated some of his results. He has, however, made a careful collation of the Dunelmensis of Terence now at Oxford in the Bodleian, a manuscript known and prized by Bentley and Leng, but which for a long time mysteriously disappeared. The circumstances of its re-discovery are mentioned by me in the American Jour- nal of Philology, Vol. Ill, p. 69. Mr. Weston, since leaving Rome, has carefully copied the pictures above the scenes in the Phormio contained in the Am- brosianus (F), the Parisinus (P), and the Dunelmensis. He has also made some comparison with the pictures in a Leyden manuscript of Terence, so that altogether he has examined six manuscripts of Terence with pictures. I hope these may form the subject of a School publication, although the illustrations cannot all be given without incurring too great expense. Mr. Johnson, being obliged to leave Rome some time before the closing of the Vatican, was unable to complete his compari- son of B and C of Terence, especially as he was at first per- mitted to work for but a short time each day in the Sacristy, and could finish two plays only. I accordingly made a colla- tion myself of the whole of the Basilicanus, and compared its readings with C, revealing the fact that B occasionally has retained a reading which has subsequently been altered in C, so that even if B be only a copy of C, it nevertheless has a cer- tain value in such cases where the original reading has been obscured by a later correction. Umpfenbach's statements in regard to these two manuscripts in his critical edition are not always to be trusted. Mr. Dennison's corrections of reading of Oscan inscriptions were subsequently confirmed by the readings given in the second volume of von Planta's G-rammatik der Oskisch-Umbrischen Dialekte, and by Conway in his Italic Dialects. Conway in fact refers to him in the addenda to his second volume, pp. 680 and 682. In the publications of most of his corrections, REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR, 1896-97 151 Mr. Dennison was forestalled, a thing which is very likely to happen when several earnest scholars are working over the same ground. Mr. Dennison, however, has ready for publi- cation a paper showing the use made by Suetonius in his his- tory of monumental inscriptions. He hopes also to publish copies of some sixty-seven inscriptions, hitherto unedited, found in the neighborhood of Puteoli, Baiae, Misenum, and Cumae. Most of these are sepulchral, but three are dedicatory, four are on lead pipes, and four are brick stamps. Several of the sepul- chral inscriptions are from eight to twelve lines in length and illustrate the use of z-longa, apices, and tall letters. Two in- scriptions are painted upon ash-urns, and one of them is dated by the name of the consul. A few are Greek, and two — one Greek and one Latin — are metrical. Professor Burnam, who was handicapped by his weak eyes, deserves much credit for his perseverance in working at manu- scripts both in Rome and Paris. In Rome he transcribed from two manuscripts, Pal. 235 and 1715, long fragments of a Pru- dentius commentary, 1715 being especially interesting for its numerous Old High German glosses. He also transcribed some marginal scholia from the only complete manuscript of Prudentius in the Vatican (Reginensis 321). He then attacked the difficult problem of the scholia to Statius and the so-called Placidus commentary, making use of Vaticanus 1615, Palatinus 1694, Paris. 10317 and 8064. His results are not of a nature to be treated in brief and I must leave to him the fuller statement of them. Mr. Laing was led to direct his attention to the improvement of the critical apparatus of the Fasti of Ovid by an article of Samter in the Neue Jahrbiicher fur Philologie, 1895, pp. 563-70, which showed that in a number of passages Merkel had mis- represented the readings of one of the most important codices, namely, the Ursinianus (Vatic. 3262). Mr. Laing has collated this manuscript very carefully, and has found that in many cases a third hand of the fifteenth century has traced over the faded original writing of the eleventh century. The editors 152 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME frequently fail to distinguish between the upper and the lower writing, and give the former as the reading of the manuscript when something quite different can be seen below. For exam- ple, in Fasti I, 26 auxiliante, given by all the editors as the reading of U, is only the reading of the third hand, that of the first hand being auspice te. In 1, 172 the first hand has the cor- rect reading lane, but the third hand combining with lane the let- ters s. o. (scilicet o lane) placed over it to point out the vocative, has written into the text lasone. Further illustration need not be given here. Mr. Laing's article will be valuable for scholars interested in the Fasti who esteem accuracy. He has also col- lated the two other important manuscripts in the Vatican and at Munich, but his gleanings here have not been so rich. An investigation not mentioned above is that by Mr. Scott of five manuscripts in the Vatican and one at Monte Cassino, of the Origines of Isidorus. This work was undertaken partly in furtherance of the proposed new edition of Isidorus by Kluss- mann, and the material has been turned over to him. Enough, I think, has been said to prove that the students were not idle. The results of their work may not be startling or ' epochemachend,' but they are not without use, and the discipline acquired by the students in gaining these results was to them of the greatest value. Of my own work, which has lain along the line of Terence manuscripts, I do not propose to speak here in extenso, for much that might be said would have to be repeated later. I have examined, with two exceptions, all the manuscripts of Terence used by Umpfenbach for his criti- cal edition, and I, as well as Mr. Hoeing, have examined the Dunelmensis. My results are not revolutionary, but they cor- rect, I believe, in many places, the statements and inferences of Umpfenbach, and help to bring out more clearly the relation of the different manuscripts to each other and to the tradition of the text. I hope in particular to prove that in D, and more fully still in G, traces of the distinctio versuum remain not indi- cated by Umpfenbach, which go to show that G at least in this respect often coincided with the Bembinus rather than with P. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR, 1896-97 153 Before going to Rome I had hoped to devote considerable time to the study of the Bembinus, but for most of the time while I was there it was in the hands of Dr. Kauer of Vienna, a pupil of Dr. Hauler, and himself a very sharp-sighted palaeographist. He has made some interesting and important discoveries in regard to it, which will doubtless be published at an early day. As I was fully occupied with other work, I do not regret now that this was done for me, and probably done much better than I could have done it myself. I did, however, have the Bem- binus in my hands for several days, and without attempting to make a new collation, I carefully examined the portions remaining of the Andria, noted the appearance of each page of the manuscript, and some facts in regard to its division of verses. There is some prospect that a complete facsimile of this manuscript will be published by the Vatican, and this is certainly a thing much to be desired. I looked at inferior Terence manuscripts in Florence, Venice, Verona, Milan, Paris, and England, but the only thing which seems to me worthy of mention here is the discovery of four additional manuscripts having the alter exitus of the Andria.1 It will always be a matter of regret to me that Professor Marquand was unavoidably compelled to return to America just at the time when, our lectures being finished, the oppor- tunity for uninterrupted investigation was most favorable. By a concerted action we might have accomplished some archaeological work of importance which I could not hope to do alone. As to excavations, the same difficulty met us this year as last, namely, the reluctance of the government to grant concessions of this sort to foreign schools. Following a hint given by Mr. Lindsay, I consulted early in the year Professor Pauli of Lugano, the leading authority on Etruscan, as to the feasibility of conducting excavations 1 Umpfenbach used five for his edition in 1870, and Greifeld the same number in his dissertation De Andriae Terentianae gemino exitu, Berlin, 1886. The four additional are in St. Mark's Library, Venice, Class XII, LVIII ; in the Bodleian, Oxford, Auct. F. VI, 27 and D'Orville 20 = Auct. X, 1. 1. 20; and in the British Museum, Burneianus 265. 154 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME whose special object should be the finding of Etruscan and possibly bilingual inscriptions. He thought that at certain points, as, e.g., Corneto and Cervetri, a systematic search would be likely to bring to light bilingual inscriptions, the impor- tance of which for the solution of the Etruscan problem need not here be emphasized. With a thousand dollars he thought much could be accomplished in this direction, and he sketched out a plan which of course involved securing a concession from the Italian Government. The Executive Committee, however, to whom I broached the project, did not see their way clear, in the present state of the treasury, to carry it into execution. The project is one which I believe in the interest of science ought sometime to be carried out, but per- haps it is as well for our School not to undertake it until it shall have a permanent Director. The desirability of appoint- ing such a Director as soon as possible is a thing which I should like to urge upon your attention. Upon the public in Rome, used as they are to the stability of the Schools similar in character to ours, nothing creates so unfavorable an impression as the frequent changes in the administration of the School, the present arrangement being often charac- terized as unpractical and absurd. During my term of office I had constantly to explain the reasons for the present ten- tative plan, admitting at the same time, as I was forced to do, the justice of the charges made. A great deal of energy must necessarily be wasted by each new Director in making the acquaintance of people and in learning the actual needs of the situation, not to speak of possible difficulties in the acquisition of a full mastery of Italian. At the end of several months he knows perhaps his ground and how best to make the most of Rome's rich opportunities, but lo! his term of office is nearly at an end, and he looks back with regret upon the things which he might have done. I owe much to my prede- cessor for smoothing away difficulties and making friends for me in advance among persons of official and social influence, but no man can inherit fully the experience or the acquaint- REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR, 1896-97 155 ance of his predecessor, and the result is that time and energy which might otherwise be devoted to the work of the School are spent in getting accustomed to one's environment. I should not wish to leave the impression that the School has been subjected to harsh or unfriendly criticism. A few words have usually sufficed to explain the necessity of the present plan. I myself was treated with the greatest kindness, and I look back upon the year as one of the richest in my life, in experience, in friendships and associations. Where all have been so friendly and helpful it seems impossible to mention names, but I cannot forbear to refer to the great kindness shown me and my family by the American ambassador, the Honorable Wayne MacVeagh, and by the American consul- general, the Honorable Wallace S. Jones. Finally, I must testify to the great encouragement given me in my duties by the uniform courtesy and unfailing zeal of the students, who tried to make the best use of their opportunities and to do everything in their power for the advancement of the School. I feel sure that they return to America with a deeper and more vital knowledge of Rome and its antiquities than could possibly have been gained from books, and that this added knowledge and enthusiasm for the promotion of classical studies will be the best justification for the existence of the School. MINTON WARREN, Director. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. REPORT OF THE PROFESSOR OF ARCHAEOLOGY 1896-97 To the Managing Committee of the School of Classical Studies in Rome : GENTLEMEN, — During the year 1896-97, the Director of the School has had charge of the departments of palaeography and epigraphy, while archaeology, in the sense of the history of the monuments, has fallen to my care. On my arrival in Italy, I found that Mr. Dennison had already guided the students to the principal sites connected with the life of ancient Rome. Arrangements were also made that they should visit them in connection with the lectures of Professor Hiilsen. It seemed best, therefore, that my work should consist in a systematic presentation of Etruscan, Roman, and Early Chris- tian Art. Accordingly, I began a course of lectures early in November, and lectured twice a week until the first of April. The course in Etruscan art treated, first, the pre-Etruscan civilization; then followed a systematic survey of Etruscan architecture, sculpture, painting, ceramics, bronzes, jewelry, glyptics, and numismatics. With such a helpful book as Mar- tha's L'Art Etrusque at command, it was practicable to give to this part of the course a more systematic character than was possible in the later part of our work. While this course was in progress, I went with the students to the Kircherian Museum to study prehistoric antiquities, and to the Papa Giulio Museum to study the rich Etruscan collections from Narce and Falerii. The fact that the collections in those two museums are arranged with some reference to historical development makes them especially serviceable to the student. 156 REPORT OF PROFESSOR OF ARCHAEOLOGY, 1896-97 157 The course in Roman art was restricted to the study of architecture and sculpture, partly because the lectures to follow, by Professors Loewy, Stevenson, and Mau, were ex- pected to cover the remainder of the field, and partly to leave time for a few lectures in Early Christian art. For the study of Roman art as a whole, there is no book to form a natural sequence to Martha's U Art Etrusque. With Middleton's Re- mains of Ancient Rome, Choisy's L 'Art de bdtir chez les Romains, and Dunn's Die Baukunst der JEtrusker und Ro'mer, and the special monographs accessible in the German Institute library, it was possible for us to secure a good general survey of Roman architecture. Roman sculpture was more difficult to treat. The works of Bliimner, Bernoulli, Petersen, Robert, Overbeck, Helbig, and Furtwangler were found useful, but a satisfactory general survey of Roman sculpture cannot be easily acquired at the present time. The best understanding of the subject was obtained by the students who most frequently vis- ited the Museums. The authorities of the Vatican and of the Government were very generous in according to our School free access to the Museums. During the month of December I gave a private course of lectures to the holder of the fellowship in Christian archae- ology, directed his visits to the Early Christian churches, and guided his reading in Early Christian archaeology. With a view of specializing his interest, I selected Christian pulpits as his theme for the year, with expectations that this would lead to the selection of some monument or series of monuments for special study. In March, Professor Marucchi gave to the School a short course of lectures on the Catacombs, which I supplemented with lectures on Early Christian basilicas, sculpture, and mosaics. When the course began, applications for admission were received from persons not prepared to become regular members of the School. Our policy was, in general, to discourage such applicants, when their attendance seemed likely to be casual or temporary. Two ladies, however, followed the course 158 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME throughout the year, and two others for a shorter period. Their intelligent interest was helpful to the work of the School. My time was so largely occupied with the preparation of lectures as to leave little room for exploration, investigation, or excavation. I was, however, constantly impressed with the abundant opportunities which Italy affords for archaeological research. Systematic exploration of a given section of country could not fail to produce rich fruit. There is hardly a depart- ment in the history of Etruscan and Roman antiquities in which a corpus of photographic reproductions would not be of inestimable value. It is also to be hoped that the time may soon come when excavations may be carried on by the School. PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. ALLAN MARQUAND. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. I (1897) PLATE IX AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES V X STZPOMOTS - 3 1 u ^/v\ ^^ SMK ESCTAA/F W\WO;T3 V f^A/v/MO A/ A A AV£O TA / PON AE/VOT VAA AT '•- S EANf S AASEAPA Y A a. See pp. fc See pp. VOL. I (1897) PLATE X' , , / > AE A K M \OTMi QM O A S £ P O M V K O ?^Y3T AOYA K M E Ay $ A'A /v\ /f\C, WO \A3MAMeAA3 A EC A^ KAPCOOTSKA £ O^O M O -W\-O T A » A; ^\s ROM GORTYNA Jo. 28) «Io. 29) AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. I (1897) PLATE XI AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. I (1897) PLATE XII 1. AUGUSTUS 2. TIBERIUS 3. LIVIA 4. PRINCE OF THE JULIAN GENS (?) AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. I (1897) PLATE XIII HEAD OF AUGUSTUS (MODENA) Archaeological Institute of America CRETAN EXPEDITION ill. EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GORTYNA THE search for building material among the ruins of ancient cities is a custom which in Crete has assumed incredible pro- portions. It may almost be said that stone quarries are an unknown thing on the island, and that all the village build- ers, except in a few places which are too far off from ancient settlements, work with second-hand material. One of the prin- cipal centres of the trade in the materials from ruins is the terri- tory of Gortyna. At this point the ancient structures, which are thickly scattered over a vast area, are built with an excellent limestone which is both strong and easy to work. The peasants usually have nothing to do but to excavate a half-metre below the present level to find walls, which extend to a further depth of 1 Explorations in Crete were conducted by Professor Federico Halbherr, in 1893-94, under the auspices and at the expense of the. Archaeological Institute of America. The results of this Cretan Expedition are published by the Institute, the articles constituting a series of Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America. The earlier articles in this series — Keport on the Expedition of the Institute to Crete: Introductory Note; I, Inscriptions of Various Cretan Cities; II, Christian Inscriptions — were published in this JOURNAL, First Series, Vol. XI (1896), No. 4, pp. 525-611. American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 159 Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. I (1897), No. 3. 160 FEDERICO HALBHERR two or three metres,1 and which, when freed and taken to pieces, give, with but little work, a profit many times greater than that of several years' cultivation of the land itself. The stones are sold to those who are building houses in the villages near the ancient city, and also exported to the other villages of the Mes- sara-plain and to the neighboring provinces. The Turkish gov- ernment, so zealous in preventing the work of explorers who come to carry on scientific work or excavations, pays no atten- tion whatever to the work of destruction which is daily going on under its eyes. In fact, when it has public constructions to erect, it goes so far as to procure its material by the very same system, thus often tearing down important monuments which disappear without leaving a trace of their former existence. It is work of this kind which brought to light the traces of walls, which were afterwards excavated systematically by the Italian Ministry of Public Instruction in 1887, and led to the discovery of the Pythion and of the earliest known Cretan inscriptions. At another point, near the Lethaeus, those in search of constructive material, a few years ago, came across the buildings which arose along the sides of the Agora, but, there being no archaeologist to prevent it, they destroyed these buildings almost entirely, preserving only the large statue of the Asclepiad and the Roman imperial heads, which are repro- duced and published in subsequent articles in this JOURNAL. The beautiful head of Aphrodite, of which I shall give an account and a reproduction in another article,2 was also found shortly afterward in similar circumstances not far from the Pythion and the Basilica, near the remains of a building with a crepidoma, which was, I believe, a temple, but had been almost entirely destroyed before it could be studied. On my return to Gortyna, at the beginning of 1894, the two principal artificial quarries then being exploited were : one on the property belonging to the Turk Risvan-Aga-Katoglaki, near 'The level of the ancient city usually varies at Gortyna between two and one-half to three and one-half metres below the present level of the ground. 2 For the statue of the Asclepiad, the Roman imperial heads, and the head of Aphrodite, see pp. 289-295, 266-274. 241 f. (PLATES XI, XII.) EPIORAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GORTYNA 161 Mitropolis, and the other in two neighboring fields of Anag- nosti Gligoraki and of the Savuidaki brothers, between this vil- lage and that of Haghioi Deka, very close to the Vigles and the temple of the Pythian Apollo. A fragment of an archaic inscription found in the first locality, and some decrees of proxeny, which came to light in the second, at once attracted my attention. I examined care- fully the ruins of buildings first brought to light, and already in part demolished, and noticed that in both places the walls were of a relatively late period, constructed, partly of material taken from earlier buildings and partly of inscribed stones. Without "losing time I began negotiations with the owners, in order to put off the excavation and demolition and to explore by means of well-directed experiments the remains that were still under- ground. Under the very difficult conditions made for me by the Cretan government, the greatest circumspection was necessary. To have begun work by excavation on a large scale and with a numerous personnel, such as would have been required by the wide extent of the ruins near the Vigles, would have been to compromise the success of the entire plan. For that reason I put off the exploration of the principal building to a later period and opened the campaign by the easier and less impor- tant exploration in the field of Risvan Aga, near Mitropolis. I. Near Mitropolis. Less than two weeks of exploration, in the ruins brought to light in this place, were sufficient to show that the few pieces of wall still left were only the remnants of preceding devastations, and that the plan and purpose of the building of late date, which stood upon this ground, could no longer be recognized. There was nothing then worthy of attention left but the inscribed material employed in these structures. But this also proved to be rather scarce : I was able to discover only three pieces — the Nos. 2, 3 and 4 here reproduced. No. 1 had been previously brought to light by the peasants. 162 FEDERICO HALEHERR 1. This is an ancient block of limestone which preserves its original edges above and below and to the right, and is fract- ured only along the left side. Height, 0.49 m.; width, 0.362 m.; dimension of letters varying from 0.028 to 0.03 and 0.035 m. EPOSANOSARE 21A20TMO6 oSOsS/VEPMEr AVeq A>3AATA ATASCEPSFO S The boustrophedon inscription which it contains shows in the form and ductus of the writing, and also in the size of the letters, the characteristics of the Great Inscription. But the alphabet, besides the a with inclined cross-piece, still retains the letter f and the special sign for the /3 as found in the inscriptions of the first period of Gortynian writing; which letter and sign were abandoned in the second period, represented by the Lethaeus group, and replaced, the first by 8 and the second by the ordi- nary sign of y3. This leads me to regard this fragment as rep- resenting a transitional period between the writing of the Pythion and that of the Lethaeus, or at least as one of the first specimens of the writing of the second period, made when the memory of the abandoned alphabet was still vivid among the Gortynian stone-cutters. Still, the fact of the rather tena- cious survival of the more archaic and extremely peculiar form of the /3 is remarkable. We have already had an example of EPI6RAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GORTYNA 163 this in the larger fragment of the northern wall,1 and we shall find another instance shortly, even in an inscription which is not archaic.2 The writing was probably divided into columns, as in the inscriptions of the Lethaeus, but as there is no pair of lines in which the lacuna on the right can be supplied with perfect cer- tainty, it is impossible to determine how far the lines extended on the neighboring block, and, therefore, the width of the column itself. Still, both the nature and contents of the inscription are clear. What we have here is a regulation on sacrifices. As in the case of the Great Inscription and the two texts of the northern wall,3 it begins with the simple formula of invocation [®to]t in 1. 1, without the addition of date or of the authority issuing the edict. It is therefore not a decree, but a law very probably forming part of the Gortynian code and containing the begin- ning of a chapter on sacred things. L. 2. It begins by noting the victim to be sacrificed to Zeus: rot Zevl TOL . . . . The epithet is lost, It is perhaps Zew BtSaVa?, the Idaean Zeus (FiSara?) or Zeu? rE/caro'/i/3ato9, for whose worship in Gortyna we have the testimony of Hesychius ('E/ca- To/u,/3ato? .... Zet"? ev Toprvvrj). The name of the animal is also lost. We may imagine it to be rdpvpos. LI. 3, 4. The divinity which comes naturally after Zeus is Hera, and to her we find also in the fragment of the Pythion4 that the sheep is sacrificed. I supply rat "E/aat] oa? de\eia \evrcd, but I do not exclude the possibility that if the lines were very long, the article on the sacrifice to Hera may have been entirely lost in the part destroyed, and that the oaaTo? (instead of /ivaSo?), just as the forms 'Aprd^irof, 'A^Ta/im appear in place of 'A/rrefu8oa or, as is sometimes accented, o>a, 'sheepskin,' from ot?. The primitive and proper meaning of ySoi'a can only be ' ox-hide ' ; but if the word here refers to the victim which immediately precedes, and not to some ox or bull named in one of the lost portions, we must say that it is used with the general meaning of Sep^a. LI. 7, 8. The divinity which in the oath of the Cretan agelastai of Dreros precedes Helios is Hermes.1 A ram (fcpity was sacri- ficed to Hermes also during the festivities of Andania.2 It is probable that we must refer to this divinity, who was wor- shipped at Gortyna under the name of 'EScfc (see Etym. Magn. s. v.), the sacrifice which is mentioned at the beginning of this paragraph: .... fE/o/*cu] icpidv, rot 'AXtbt oliv €pae[va \evtcdv ..... ]. I propose \evKov because the victim offered to Helios is always of light color in the Hellenic ritual. Cf. also Homer, 11 T 103 : oto"€Te 8' apv', erepov Xevtcbv, eTeprjv 8e Trj TC /cat 'HeXteu, and Philostratus, Her. X, 1, p. 309. r2, No. 121, 1. 28. 2 Cauers, No. 47, 11. 33, 34. EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN QORTYNA 165 The names of the victims in the second part of this prescrip- tion (11. 5-8) are in the accusative, while in the first part, as we see from 1. 3, they are in the nominative. This text shows the same syntactic variations that appear in the fragments of the Pythion, unfortunately so mutilated, which relate to sacri- fices.1 LI. 9, 10. A new paragraph begins here : . . . . rd8e The manner is determined in which the perioikoi are admitted to make sacrifices. It is the first time that we find in Cretan epigraphic monuments any mention of this class of population, which is often mentioned by writers, who differ, however, in their several accounts.2 The Great Inscription, which considers indi- viduals only from the juridical point of view, certainly includes TreptfoiKoi in the group of the cnreraipoi. Here, on the contrary, the point of view is political. The laws on sacrifices are made for the citizens of Gortyna ; to the VTT-IJKOOI who inhabit the ter- ritory and are not slaves, access to the sacrifices or TrapOva-ia is allowed on certain conditions. The compound is new. As to the form of the subjunctive aorist with imperative meaning irapdvcrarai for Trapdvaerat, i. e. TrapQvarjTai, analogy must be sought in the subjunctives of non-thematic verbs vvvarcu (Great Inscription, Col. VIII, 20, 33), 8earot (Inscription of Tegea, Collitz 1222, 16, 18), etc. LI. 11, 12 ...... re rpuvf tcapvav, rov 8* a\\6v (or rov 8' aXXoi/). Nothing can be made out of this paragraph. The form rpuvs is known from the Great Inscription, tca^vdv is evidently a crasis of Kal anvdv and is to be placed by the side of the known examples Ka8e\7rtoi, /cav7rt8e/ia? of the inscriptions of the Le- thaeus.3 'Apvd (anvrj) is ' ewe-lamb.' LI. 13, 14. The sacrifices noted in these two lines are blood- 1 Mon. Ant. Ill, pp. 22-23, Nos. 8, 9, etc. 2 Aristotle, Pol. II, 10, 3, p. 1272 a ; II, 10, 8, p. 1272 b ; II, 10, 1, p. 1271 b ; II, 10, 4, p. 1272 a; II, 9, 3, p. 1269 b ; Sosicrates and Dosiadas in Athenaeus VI, p. 263 f— 264 a ; Hesychius, s. v. d^a/uwrat. sSome prefer on the other hand to explain these forms as effects of the elision of the diphthong in Kal (jcdSeXiuof, K 166 FEDERICO HALBHERR less offerings — in particular, of grain or flour and of cheese : .... /i]e&/mata Kal rvpo efu ..... Before /ie&/meua we might possibly supply aXinra (aX^tra); after rvpo there followed either the name of a measure or an appellative similar in meaning to the rvpov Kairvpov which was sacrificed at Thera,1 perhaps k^L\rcvpo] or ^[O'TTTO], (rj/juTrvpov, fifiioirrov). Sacrifices of barley and grain were made in Thera to the Mother of the Gods ; cf. inscription No. 377 of Dittenberger's Sylloge 11. 8—14 : Bvcrovri ftovv ical Trvpwv ey n&CfJivov Kal KpiQav ey 8vo fjie^i/jivatv teal olvov f^erprjrav Kal aXXa aTrdpyfjiara ..... The worship of this divinity, who had a temple at Phaestus,2 must have been usual in the territory of Gortyna, especially among the perioikoi. The offerings of cheese are common in the Hellenic cult. According to Seleucus, quoted by Athenaeus XIV, 76, p. 658 d, a special quality was used in Crete for cer- tain sacrifices which was called female cheese : TOW 8e rwv rvp&v KOI TrXarei? K/or)re9 ^ijXeta? /caXoucrt, a>9 (f)r)(ri o&? ev dvaiais ncrlv 2. The following fragment is of a slightly earlier date, and in its writing, its ductus and its whole aspect resembles very closely the texts of the Pythion, and is in so far removed from those of the Lethaeus. Still, the alphabet has already undergone a cer- tain reform, the i\ being wanting and its place taken by e. Other characteristic letters, like the spiral /3, the £, or the 9, do not occur in the fragment, but its antiquity is confirmed by the presence of the dividing signs between the words which here, for the first time in Cretan inscriptions, are formed of two points or rather superposed circlets, whereas in the texts hitherto known they consisted of a simple vertical line. The letters are of large size (sixth or seventh century B. c.) and are rather un- evenly spaced. The inscription is boustrophedon, but the p, the only time that it occurs, is placed in a position contrary to the direction of the line. This stone also is a wall-block which 1 Will of Epicteta: Cauer», No. 148, E. 1. 36 -F. 1. 1. 2 See the inscription of Phaestus in the Museo Italiano, III, p. 735, No. 188. EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GO/tTFNA 167 preserves all its edges, excepting that on the left. Its dimen- sions are: height 0.655 m., width 0.50 m., and thickness 0.14 m. S/\0 We have on this fragment the remnant of a law or decree probably in reference to emancipation, but nothing can be made out of it. vas ..... ol TO^PTVVIOC ? ..... .... eXe]/r#e/9o[i> (or ?) . . . ..... al 8e] Tto?. But the inscription is for us too concise to admit of a description of the procedure in such cases. It would be desirable that ampler texts of this kind should be found in order to determine the rules on which such acts were based, rules which cannot be established with precision with the sole help of the archaic decree of apeleutheroi and the non-archaic fragments. 4. The last fragment is entirely insignificant. It also seems to form part of a wall-block of the usual limestone of Gortyna. Height, 0.27 m.; width, 0.20 m.; thickness, 0.235 m. The letters are not very different from those of the preceding inscription and are 0.025-0.03 m. high; the o is slightly smaller. In the last line perhaps .... *:o/>]/uoy[T<0i; is to be read. 1 Compare the Cypriote inscription of Idalion : Cauer5, No. 472, 1. 2. 170 FEDERICO HALBHERR II. The Vigles. When summer came, and the more acute period of Turkish persecution had passed, I was finally able to undertake during the months of August and September a long series of attempts to explore the building close to the Vigles. In the field of the Savuidaki brothers, the search for build- ing material had turned everything upside down. The outer parts of the walls that had been found had been destroyed and the stones collected had been partly gathered together near the trenches, partly scattered over the ground ; holes in the ground, and mounds of earth and of fragments made with no order, covered almost the entire surface to be explored. Fortunately, however, there remained visible the end of a rectilinear and a piece of a curved wall, which, because they joined, seemed to form a corner of the building. This was sufficient to determine at once the line of the first two ditches to be dug. When the entire curve was uncovered and I found also on the other side of it the beginning of another straight wall, corresponding to the first, I opened the third trench and proceeded to excavate at the same time on both sides in the direction of the length of the building. These two straight parallel walls led in the direc- tion of the field of Anagnosti Gligoraki, where a large hole, made a few months before by some laborers, had already re- sulted in the destruction of a part of one of the walls. In order to follow uninterruptedly their lines, I opened up in two places the modern unmortared wall which fences off the two fields, and continued the trenches until I came to the wall which enclosed the building on the fourth side, at a distance of 33.35 m. from the extreme end of the semi-circular wall. I believed at first that the two long lateral walls were the remains of the outer walls of the building. But during the course of the excavation, traces were found of other walls joined to them not only at each end, but at other points, and which on one side led in the direction of other fields, and on the other side toward the public road, where it was impossible to attempt EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GORTYNA 171 to excavate owing to the difficulties created by the local govern- ment. The character of the building, however, was ascertained and its plan could be made sufficiently complete, except for cer- tain details and the proportions of its width (Fig. 1). X H oi O Z EAST WEST FIGURE 1. — GROUND PLAN OF BYZANTINE CHURCH AT GORTYNA. The construction uncovered is a long rectangular hall duly 172 FEDERICO HALBHERR oriented, bounded by a semicircular apse on the east end and by a straight wall with a large central door (D) on the west. A transverse band of marble (I C), acting as a slightly raised base, follows the line of a step, at each end of which are two columns (C and C). As will appear, it formed the base on which rested a wooden wall dividing this large hall into two parts, one of which, the inner section, is smaller than the other and has a pavement a few centimetres higher. At the two ends of this wall there also stood two columns (c and c). At the end of the inner hall there is an almost semicircular platform (B), which follows the curved line of the apse. By the side of the foundations on the right or southern side wall, there are two tombs (T and TT) of different dimensions, one on the inside and the other on the outside of the wall. The first, 2.05 m. long, 0.62 m. wide, and 0.59 m. deep, was probably a simple tomb; the other, which is 1.97 m. long, 1 m. Avide, was very much deeper (1.12 m.), and appears to have served as a xcwevrripiov or ossilegmm. This must be, therefore, the central nave of an early Byzantine church. The large platform inside the apse is the altar or /8^/x.a. The transverse wooden wall which was placed on the marble plinth (I C) is the iconostasis • the space enclosed by it is the hieron and the larger outer hall was the space used by the con- gregation or, more exactly, by the men. The western wall on the front of the building is continued to the right beyond the point where it meets the southern wall and has a small door (d), which seems to be nothing else than the entrance to one of the side aisles, to which must also belong the traces of a wall on the east end to the right of the apse. A sim- ilar side aisle must have existed on the left side where there are also traces of a wall as well on the front as on the back. This church follows therefore the type of those oblong struc- tures in three naves which were the common form of the Chris- tian churches between the fourth and the sixth centuries in the East, especially in Syria. To help complete the plan of this church at Gortyna, which probably also had a narthex in front of the three doors, I can find no better parallel than the plan EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GORTFNA 173 of the church of Qalb-Louzeh belonging to this Syrian group (Fig. 2). The diagram I borrow from Dr. Essenwein's Christ- licher Kirchenbau.1 FIGURK '2. — PLAN OF CHURCH OF QALB-LOUZEH. The two long parallel walls which I uncovered, and which are preserved only to a small height above the foundations, cannot have been originally very high, save perhaps on either side of the Heron. They were rather the foundations or stylo- bates for the pilasters or colonnades or for a mixed system of alternating pilasters and columns, as in the church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin at Rome, dividing the central nave from the side aisles and sustaining the gallery for the women, the ryvvaiKwviTis. In fact, large fragments of overturned columns were found in various points of the excavation near these walls, and on the south wall there still remained in situ in perfect pres- ervation the base of an Ionic or Corinthian column (c) which rose at the point of junction of the iconostasis. It has a plinth of 0.72 m. on each side and a diameter of 0.61 m., being slightly smaller than the two columns (C and C) which rise at the two ends of the step immediately below the iconostasis. The base of one of the latter columns has been preserved and has a plinth measuring 0.84 m. with a diameter of 0.67 m. Of the two small rooms which we should expect to find on 1 In Durra's Handbuch der Architektur, II, 3, p. 80, fig. 102. 174 FEDERICO HALBHERR either side of the apse in so large a church, the hagia prothesis and the diaconicon, no trace has been found, but it would seem as if the wall marked M, of which traces are seen in the right aisle and to which another must have corresponded in the left, authorizes us to accept here, too, the arrangement that we find in these two rooms in the church of Qalb-Louzeh. I hope that as soon as the question of excavations in Crete shall have been settled to the advantage of science, the Syllogos, or some other explorers, will take up this excavation in case the searchers for building material have left any trace of it; for these ruins certainly belong to one of the earliest and one of the largest Christian monuments of Gortyna. The length of the nave is 28.65 m., or, including the apse, 32.40 m. ; its width is 8.40 m. The length of the hieron from the iconostasis to the end of the apse is 10.95 m., while the part of the nave open to the public is 20.80 m. long. The width of the main door (D) is 3.15 m., while that of the right-hand side door (d) is only 1.72 m. The marble band which served as a base to the iconostasis forms a sort of second step, 0.30 m. high and 0.59 m. wide, with quite an elegant moulding on the front. The holes into which the wooden iconostasis was set can be seen on its surface. The wall of the apse is strongly built, being 0.96 m. thick, while the other walls are only 0.76 m. thick; its foundations reach a depth of 2.45 m. below the surface of the field. The radius of the apse is about 3.40 m. with an inner chord of 6.60 m. The base of the altar, built in a large and almost semi- circular block of stone work, is very imperfectly preserved and has a frontage of 4.52 m. The pavement of the sanctuary, of reddish calcestruzzo, was found at a depth of about 1 m. below the present level of the field. The pavement of the main part of the nave was a few centimetres lower. The following inscribed fragments, which came to light dur- ing the excavations, belong to the church : EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GORTYNA 175 5.1 Plaque of marble with raised edges. In the centre was a Greek cross, also in relief, of which only a part of the lower end is preserved. Height of the fragment, 0.17 in. ; length, 0.38 m. ; thickness, 0.04 m. At the remaining end of the cross there still exists the letter C. Very probably the letters at the other ends should be com- pleted thus : [I] C that is to say, 'I^troO)? on the vertical arm and X(pto-ro')5 on the horizontal arm. The inscription on the edges is nothing else than the ritual salutation which the people and, in its stead, the choir addresses in the Greek church to the bishop. [rov Selves rov eJTrtcr/co^Trou) 7ro\\a ra errj "ad multos annos." This inscription was probably set up to commemorate the solemn entry of a newly consecrated bishop.2 6. Fragment of the cornice of a stele or small pilaster of bluish white marble, 0.40 m. long. The inscription is on the projecting listel. 1 I give a consecutive enumeration to all the inscriptions in this article includ- ing also these Christian tltuli. 2 I am indebted to His Grace Dionysios, the Cretan bishop of Chersonesos, for much information on the use of this Avev^rj/jila, which is still used in the Greek church. 176 FEDERICO HALBHERR To]0 /cat TToX/ra? ai/ro[9 5 • Kal etcyovoi. Tlo7r\to[y VWDV Trpo^evof ical TTO\I- ra? avrof /cat etcyovoi. 10 Fi/ato? 'O«Tawo9 Tvaiov u/o? OI)OT. (A)at/cof? Yoprvviwv TroXtrFa? auro? /cat LI. 10,11. The word AAIKOYE gives no meaning; hence we must admit in this line an error of the stone-cutter and seek to correct it. I owe to my colleague at the University of Rome, Professor de Ruggiero, the conjectural restoration Aafoow. This is a Greek cognomen written with the Latin termination (Laicus). The cognomen is found also in a Roman funerary inscription (C. I. L. IX, 2151; D. M. S. M. Petronio Laico, etc.], and the position it occupies after the Voturian tribe, according to cus- tom, confirms this supposition. \ 9. Large wall-slab of limestone broken on the right, 0.485 m. high, 0.82 m. long, 0.20 m. thick. The letters are by two or three different hands, and in the first inscription they still pre- serve abundant traces of rubrication. The following are the heights of the letters: upper inscription, 0.035-0.04 m.; lower inscription (left), 0.03-0.035 m. ; lower inscription (right), 0.03- 0.038m. 180 FEDERICO HALBHERR lApmorn _ •£>>:&• Aewcto? <&ovpio<; Aev/ciou [viws <$>a\epva KeXcro? M.vdco crTe(j>av(i)6eldvci)(C) T&>(Y) /jLeyicrTco^i), Kara rov VOJJLOV, \Toprvv((i)v Trpd^evos teal TroXira? awro? /cat e^ TITOV t)8o9, Yopvv- viwv TT \p6£evo<> Kal TToXira? auro? /cat Ko'tVro? Faou[to? ytW 7r/3o'^et'[o9 /cat ra? auro? /c[ at e/cyovoi. L. 3. 0ed0p(t)(i) (s/c). This is the first epigraphical mention of the theatre of Gortyna. L. 4. The words r- T09 /cai etcyovoi. I am unable to supply the name which ends in 01 N or O|N in the first line of the left-hand inscription. Noteworthy, in the second inscription, is the writing of the Latin name Acceptus with two £>'s AKKETTTTTOZ. Perhaps this is due to an oversight of the stone-cutter, owing to the word being divided at the end of the line. Vipstanus, Ow-^raz/o?, is a well-known Roman name. 11. Inscription cut on the projecting portion, or parastds, of the same block on which is sculptured the decree or law No. 22, under which number its measurements are given. The letters are 0.027-0.034 m. high; those on the last line being the smallest. Fai'09 K.aicra)vio<> Mocr- ^0X0709 Yoprv^yi- Kai TTO- Xtra9 ai/ro9 teal 761/09. The few remaining traces of the first letter on line 4 may belong to II or M : [II]a\ety>o9 or [M]a'Xeu/309. I prefer to read EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GORTYNA 183 analogy with the word ^dkevpov = a\evpov in Pho- tius' Lexicon, s. v. The name is, so far as I know, new. The name "E^/aao-ro? (not Ei/<£/oacrTo^oNoIk A A Al, *AAK'P!A c\c AYTTiAuro,- . -- _, 1 n p os EN o s AY TQ 5; PA i E K PO'N -Q ! Vi YTO5" ^ A! rT NO''7 r " ' EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GORTYNA 187 A. B. Zft>]7TiyJ09 'E<£e'(no9, Toprvvlwv rrpd- al eic ai)ro9 /cat 76^09. J. ot i, Toprvviwv avrol Kal yevos. J. Ke/oat'ra9, Yoprvviav rrpo^evos auro9 /cat eKjovoi. K. 'Pay/cio9, ayro9 /cat eicyovoi Note the assimilation of pv in 'EXeu0emue>9 (F, 2), as in the archaic forms awioiro, 6W[t]0#, of the Gortynian laws. 188 FEDERICO UALBHERR 17. A fragmentary stele of limestone, decorated on its upper edge with three shields in relief, and badly damaged on its inscribed surface. Height 0.45 m., width 0.32 in., thickness 0.23 m. The letters are 0.012-0.015 m. high. ' &A£!AE:roKTO A tO A A en N K o£M £ »- N The fragment is badly mutilated, but, apart from some proper names, may be supplemented with perfect certainty. It con- tains the title of a treaty of alliance, concluded between the Gortynians and their Cretan confederates, on one side, and King Demetrius, son of Antigonus, on the other. The con- ditions and articles of the treaty are completely lost; they began at the very point where the stone is broken. But, from a comparison with the other treaties between Gortynian cities and foreign states which we possess, it may be concluded that the object of this treaty must also have been the levying of mer- cenary troops in the island on the part of the non-Cretans, and EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GORTYNA 189 on the part of the Cretans to receive assistance in the internal wars which, especially during the Macedonian period, were the bane of the country. The following is my reading of the inscription : 'A-jaBrji] Tv%?7t. 'RacriX.evovros A^/i^T/otW roO 'Av^Tiyovov erov? rpirov, ev S[e Top-rvvt eVt TOW] KlOa\€wv /coo- ^to^vrwv [TOW T] II/o .... ..... ra8e avvedevro [Toprvvtoi Kal ol v avppa'xwv . . .] and [/cat TOW aXXow o-u/A/tia^ou]? are rendered certain by the remains legible on lines 12 and 15. No conjecture is possible as to the Cretan cities which, at that time, were allied to Gortyna. The Gortynians sent two ambassadors to the court of the king for the purpose of establishing this alliance : Parthenidas, son of -- (1. 7) and another, whose name is lost, who was son of Eurybotas. On the other hand, a single ambassador came to Gortyna and to its allied cities as the representative of King Demetrius; his name (1. 10), however, I am not able to restore. Of his patronymic, which must certainly have fitted entirely in the end of the same line, there remain only the let- ters Up ..... At the beginning of line 11 must have stood his ethnicum. The remnants .... re\X .... in the last line of the fragment belong very probably to some form of the word ctTToa-reXXeiv, and refer to expeditions of mercenary soldiers, as in the two treaties of Eleutherna and of Hierapytna men- tioned above and in that of Hierapytna and Rhodes (Cauer1, No. 44). 18. Small fragment of the usual limestone, 0.16 m. high, 0.27 m. long. It is divided into two planes, that on the right having the greater projection. On the complete wall-slab this project- ing surface must have represented a slight parastds, as is the case with other blocks of the series. The letters are 0.015- 0.017 m. high. /rjU/ i PQ/VONAiE'1 I - . On the left-hand side or page of the stone are the remains of EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN OORTYNA 191 a treaty with the city of Oaxos or Axos, as is shown by line 4 where we read . . . 6] 8e Fa'|to? or TO?] Se Fa£ib?. It is impossible to decide whether the remaining letters on the right-hand side are the continuation of this text or belong to another document. On line 3. is the name of the city of Gortyna or of the Gortynians. In the elision \rpiaK\ovr apepai (or some other number ending in .... KOVTO) no account is taken of the rough breathing. This phenomenon is now illustrated by a large number of examples in the Cretan dialect. 19. Large wall-block, 0.364m. high; 1.07m. long; 0.585m. wide, with a slight parastds at the right end of one of its faces. It is inscribed with three texts : one is archaic, which will be given under No. 23 ; one, on the parastds, belongs to the Hel- lenistic or Roman period and has been given on a previous page under No. 12 ; the third, here published, is on the side next to it. The block was, therefore, one of the corner blocks of the archaic building whence comes all this inscribed material. The letters of this text are of elegant form, with their ends enlarged or with slight apices. Their height is 0.015-0.02 m., and they bear traces of rubrication. The letters 0, 0, O, C , and here and there the ^ also, are smaller. The traces of the very delicate lines which the ancient stone-cutter made on the stone, in order to mark the spaces for the inscribed lines before cutting the letters, are still visible. 192 FEDERICO HALBHERR The inscription is entire. The free space above the first line, at least on the right side where the stone is hardly, if at all, cor- roded, bears no traces of lettering. The only thing which I believe to have been there, because it is usually not wanting in these earliest decrees of Gortyna, is the invocation ©tot'. It also happens that in the Great Inscription, and in the fragment relat- ing to the sacrifices which I publish under No. 1 above, this invocation is disconnected from the text and placed above the beginning of the first line. The text reads thus : [6101] Td8' epaSe r~\ai \rro\i -^ra](f)i88ovcn rpia- 6d\L rwi /eav^eot, ra)i e6r)Kav a Tro'Xis, rbS 5 S' 6oe\bvs /jirj SetcerOai rovs apyvpto? • at 8e T49 oYtfOiro 7) rb vdpiafjLa /AT) \eioi Seicerdat rj KapTrS) wvioi, ajroreicrei ap- jvpco ?reWe (rrarripavs. TlevOev Se Troprl rav vedra, ra? &e veoras opv- 10 vvres Kpivovrwv ol CTTTO, /car' ayopav, 01 Ka \d^u>VTL K\apcofjievoi • vi/cfjv S' ore- pa «' ot TrXie? ofJ-daovTi, KOL Trpd^avres TOV viKadevra. rav jjikv r^^ivav [rwt vi- v rdi rrd\i. "We have here a decree which orders: ' Make use of the bronze money, which the city has put in circulation, and do not accept silver obols. If anyone accepts in payment silver obols, or refuses to accept bronze money, or sells anything in exchange for grain (that is to say, receiving or requiring grain in payment), he shall pay a fine of five silver staters. Disputes in these cases shall be referred to the neotas, and of the neotas the seven who are elected as agoranomoi shall give judgment under oath. And judgment shall be rendered in favor of the party for which the majority shall have taken oath (that is to say, the judgment shall be given by the majority of votes), and this college of seven, having EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GORTYNA 193 exacted the fine of the party which has lost the suit, shall give half to the party which has won the suit and half to the city.' This inscription is extremely important from many points of view, especially for the history of coinage in Crete. It is an enactment which must have been issued immediately after the creation of bronze coinage. That the law which established this innovation was a recent one, may be seen clearly from the entire context of the decree. This money has not yet secured the confidence of the market; the people is not getting accus- tomed to it and accepts it in payment with difficulty. On the other hand it is possible that financial conditions induce the city to withdraw from circulation in mass the silver pieces below the drachma, that is to say the obols. This makes it necessary that what would now be called a forced circulation should be given to the small bronze coinage. For this purpose the Gorty- nians issue the present decree which imposes a fine on who- ever refuses the new money, receives or demands the former silver money, and which also forbids — of course temporarily- even petty trading by payments in kind (/ea/37roV), which must have been the most ordinary form. In Athens the creation of bronze coinage took place, as we learn from a scholium on Aristophanes' Frogs,1 under the archonship of Callias in 406 B. c. At the same time, or a year or two later, we find bronze coinage also at Aegina.2 To what time the earliest bronze coins found in Cretan soil belong we cannot judge with precision, but there is nothing that should lead us to suppose that the coining of bronze in the island began at a period very different from that of the first issue of bronze at Athens and Aegina. The highest authority in the field of Cretan numismatics, Mr. Svoronos, informs me in a letter that after 350 B. c., the use of bronze coin became general throughout the island,' but that some of the known coins date back to the very beginning of the fourth century, and that, in his judgment, a coin of Axos, published by him in pi. ii, 36 of the Numismatique Cretoise, probably belongs to the close of the 1 Schol. Arist. Ran. 725. 2 Head, Historia Numorum, p. 333. 194 FEDERICO HALBHERR fifth century. In view of these observations and of this opin- ion, I believe that the present inscription should be attributed to the first quarter of the fourth century, or at the latest to the following decade. The lunar sigma £ , which is used in it, is found also in inscription No. 21, which is earlier; and we also meet with it in the treaty between Axos and Tylissos published under No. 60 b of the "Inscriptions of Various Cretan Cities." It is in Crete also a very sporadic but ancient phenomenon. It is important that we find evidence at Gortyna, during the first decades of the fourth century, of a stage of writing so far advanced in calligraphy and in elegance, I am tempted to say in refinement, with letters whose ends are already decorated with slight swellings and apices. The pretended conservatism of these islanders in their script is a theory that finds no confir- mation whatever in this fact; and I do not see how the opinion of those scholars is henceforth tenable who, exaggerating the conclusions of Kirchhoff, in themselves hazardous, have at- tributed the Great Archaic Inscription of the Lethaeus to the close of the fifth century and have been even ready to urge that it might date as late as 400 B. c. In respect to dialect, the only new phenomenon in this docu- ment is that of the middle infinitive in -T0ai : %pr)T0ai, SefcerOai, in place of %/)r}0#ai, 8eKe60ai or ^p^Oai, SetceOcu. This is a fact to be added to those already noted on the treatment of the com- mon (70 in Cretan. There can be no doubt about the restoration of the first line. After the feminine article [r]at the word to be supplied can only be TTO'XI, which fits exactly into the lacuna, and before it there is room only for the formula which I have supplied and which was to be expected. The plural •fyafy&Sovci and the masculine form of this participle are perfectly natural in connection with this collective noun. The verb in the plural form is met with also in eOrj/cav a 7ro'Xtio-0(U ra Sdgavra TOIS ryepovcn KOI rot? /coV/not?.4 LI. 1,2. Here is noted, as in a treaty of Gortyna which I dis- covered in the Pythion,5 the number of persons who took part in the assembly. In both inscriptions we find exactly the same number noted — 300 : Tpiafcariwv jrapidvTwv. I have already said, in commenting on that inscription, that such a number seemed to be small for so large a city as Gortyna, knowing as we do from Aristotle6 that e'/e/cX^o-ta? .... pereyovcn Trdvres. Are we to believe that this number was the minimum required for a legal quorum ? L. 3. In /cav%v 1. 5). I cannot, however, find in Greek writers any example of CTrep^ofjiai construed with TT/SO? (TTO/JTI), and in the numerous Cretan decrees of Teos, where the participle eVeXfloWe? is used of the ambassadors who present themselves to the assembly, it is constantly construed with eVi. Besides, TreO^er, explained by Comparetti in the Great Inscription as an active form of the well-known irevOonai or 7rvv0dvo/j:at, specifies very much more closely the action which the decree here wishes to enforce, and I believe that I must accept it. 1 Mus. It. Ill, pp. 735-736. The imperative irtOiOtru of the inscription of Cnossos, Mus. It. II, pp. 677-678, cannot be regarded as such a form, but as a crasis with the vowel of prf, EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN OORTYNA 197 LI. 8-10. A new political body, which up to the present has not been mentioned either at Gortyna or in any other Cretan city, is this neotas, from the membership of which are taken these €7rra KCIT ayopdv who are to act as judges in the cases here con- templated. The name is here found first in the accusative, then in the genitive. In the fragment which I shall publish under the following number, it is found in the nominative. From these three occurrences it is seen to have a very anoma- lous declension : nom. a yeoVaeoV?7] or /eo/>[/i&iro5]. It is useless to dwell upon the rest of the text. 21. The inscription on the left is complete. Above it is the end of one of the usual lists ofproxenoi. At the bottom of the stone, where the breakage begins, there are traces of very badly cut letters which must belong to another inscription, the rest of which followed on another block. The letters of this text have a very early form and ductus. This is, I believe, the earliest among the non-archaic inscrip- EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GORTYNA 199 tions brought to light by the excavation. In the second line we still have the spiral /3, a fact which, however it may be explained, shows that the period of archaic writing is not far off. The sigma has here also the lunar form (which once more proves the great antiquity of this sign at Gortyna). TWV Avfjbdvatv KOpfAtovratv (T) aS' eaSe rat? TrdXiOi avtyorepai- 9, r(di) r' avo) teal TOLL Kara) • 5 o-07r[e]toi ofca 8t/caia fir) v- T]CU cnroTeur iovr' apjvpco XX (rrarepavf Trap rov rirav. M]oXei> &e rov /3(o\dfj.evo[v, r]ov pev Toprvviov Tvprvov[i, 10 rov S]e QaCcrriov at(o-)rot, teal €%e[v rav 7T^6\iv ra(v) rjfjiivav^ Tav 8e rj^fjLivav ro(ytt) ^coXioxt^yra. The inscription is not without obscurities. It contains a decree passed in common by the .two cities of Gortyna and Phaestus which are distinguished from the others by the simple indication of avw Tro'Xi? and /carco Tro'Xt?.1 This circumstance, and the further fact that the document is dated by a single col- lege of cosmoi, shows that the two cities, whose fierce rivalry during other periods is well known, were at this time joined together under a single administration. The meaning of the decree appears to me to be the following : The Cransopeans when they violate the compact shall pay 2000 staters of silver and deposit them with the rn-aAITOl, TAHMINAN and MQAIOINTA. The last of these, considered together with the TIA for TAI of line 4 and with the ancient appearance of the writing, makes me sus- pect that this inscription is nothing else than a copy of a bou- strophedon text executed by an unskilful stone-cutter not yet ac- customed to the new system of left to right writing. It is per- haps the transcription, on the walls of a temple of Gortyna, of a text cut a short time before, but still in the archaic manner, either at Gortyna itself or on some wall at Phaestos. The spiral /3 on line 2 can also be better explained by this hypothe- sis. 1 Bucheler and Zittelmann, Das Recht von Oortyn, pp. 14, 15. 202 FEDERICO HALBHERR 22. (PLATE IX.) Another large corner block with a par- astds. On the parastds is registered the proxeny of Gaius Caesonius Philargyrus, which we have already given under No. 11. On the injured face are two fragmentary names : / A-\ ,' \ / > -^ /*"r\ >. — -^ \ y v \ \j C_LX ^xAANT; The principal text is on the same side as the parastds. The letters are of fine form and 0.025 m. high. The dimensions of the block are: 1.39 m. long, 0.61 m. wide, 0.315 m. high along the inscribed band. The inscription, of which this is only a small remnant, was, as may be seen, divided into columns after the fashion of the archaic texts of the Lethaeus. On the border, which remained blank on the right of the last column, were cut at a later date two other inscriptions of proxenoi (the lower one by erasing). Of the first this much may be read or supplied : \yoi To-] [ prvvi- ] a>v a\v- rol Ka- l yevo- 5. Of the second only the first name is clear ; EVK . EPIORAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GORTYNA 203 The reading of our text is as follows : a]/c . ... a>va i>]i/eacr[a]i . . ov ijyparrai Kal [7r]/30<£e- at ra a\\- pdvrvov e(7r)t rbvs Siippovs tca- a ~\avra Ka- I Kpivdvrwv Kr/TTi&iKaSdv- 5 So^o? Tra- rwv /cal 7rpa86vra>v Kal crv- CTTCO \jbva- va7royeve6a SiKaSdvrcov Kal Karo/j,- L ] ra rov v- v(yv^ra)v Kal ra d\\a rrdvra 10 iKaOevra (?) . ai}ijv from feLpw—eipw would be connected in meaning with the verb of the same root epeo), from which Eustathius (on IL H 127) derives epeva^epevvw; and we know precisely that the epevrai are among the magistrates of Cretan cities. See the inscription of Dreros, col. D, 1. 5, and the frag- ment from Hierapytna, 1. 18, both published in the Museo Ital- iano, III, pp. 613 and 657 ff., Nos. 36-73, and the magis- trates epevvtovres KCU pvQ pi^ovres in the Cretan inscription of Venice, Mils. It. I, p. 144, 1. 35. The Kardwep needs no expla- nation. If we read [f]?? povrwv, the same phrase is found in the archaic fragment which I publish under No. 25, where we read (right-hand column, 11. 2, 3) . . . e pepovn Kard^Trep 23. Archaic boustrophedon inscription on two contiguous blocks, one of which (right-hand) was a corner block of the primitive building. This has on its other side the decree on bronze coinage which I publish under No. 19, and on its parastds is the-proxeny of [M]a\eu/)o9 of Oaxos published under No. 12. The parastds at the end of the lines of the left-hand block is not inscribed, at least in the part that has been preserved. The two stones, which I here reproduce, somewhat separated one from the other, are complete on all sides, except for the lower right- hand corner of the left piece. The upper edge is slightly worn away above the first line, and so is the lower edge at some points. Their height is 0.365 m.; the joint length of the two inscribed surfaces between one parastds and the other is 1.38 m. The height of the letters varies from 0.02 m. to 0.022 m. We have in this text the most ancient of all treaties between Cretan cities thus far discovered. It contains a convention be- tween the city of Gortyna and that of Rhizene, 'Pirrev ('Pn-T^i/),1 which is evidently the city registered by Stephanus of Byzantium under the name of 'Pt&via,2 without saying in what part of the island it was. It is a city of which, probably, only the name was preserved in geographical tradition down to a late period, and which must have disappeared at an early date from history, as it 'The letter f is not used in the alphabet of this inscription. 2Steph. Byz. : 'Ptftvla, ir6\ts 205 has left no other memory in inscriptions, in coins or in authors. I believe that its site should be sought for not far from Gortyna in one of those groups of ruins of very early date, like those of Camares and of Courtes, scattered over the southern foot-spurs of Mount Ida, toward the great valley of Messara, or along the slope of the mountains on the other side of the valley, between it and the sea, which are still called by the name pt& (f) Kara pi&). For even the worship of Bidas (Idas), one of the Idaean Dactyli to whom the Rhizenians offer sacrifices, points to a locality that is in, or not far from, the district of Mount Ida. The writing, spelling, dialect and style of this treaty are the same as those of the Great Inscription of Gortyna and the other texts of the Lethaeus. Several expressions, technical and stereo- typed, as it were, of the wording of these laws turn up here also, but we find, besides, novelties and difficulties which I do not pretend in a first edition of this text to be able to explain entirely. (My reading is given on page 206.) LI. 1,2. It must not seem surprising if, in a text drawn up in so primitive and imperfect a style, a construction without a verb is used at the commencement. In many of the phrases which follow the subject instead is wanting, and must be understood or guessed at. Facts of this kind are often met with in the Great Inscription. The meaning of the verb which is here understood is that of avveOevro, that is to say, ' The Rhizenians, while re- taining their own autonomy and their own tribunals, came to an agreement (joined themselves, allied themselves) with the Gorty- nians, sending every three years to Bidas victims of the value of 350 staters, on the following conditions : ' eVt Toi8(S)e=e7ri TOio-Se. The supplement Tp~]i[r]oi [fejret has been suggested to me by Comparetti. This whole passage may be compared with that of the archaic fragment of Oaxos (Mon. Ant. Ill, pp. 408 ff.), where triennial festivals are also mentioned, 11. 11-14 : Kara ra avra rot9 KuSazn-etoi? Si8d[Ae(v) rfp^irwi ferei t? adv^ara Bv(o$€ica (TTarijpavs. In the same way as the Oaxian feasts of Cydas were called Kv&dvTeta, so those of Bidas must have been called ~BiSdvTeia. The /3, which occurs but once in the whole inscription, has the earliest spiral form; but this spiral, unless 206 FEDERICO HALBHERR s tl>|s|^?o^^ I™ •» < V' • ^v **«> *^^*\ /"*v i ^— * r*^* ' ^ ^ s <3 K~ • .1 m ! « 'g ^1 ^ . EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GORTYNA 207 it be the effect of the corrosion of the surface, is so slightly marked that the letter resembles a p. In some later Cretan inscriptions we find the epithet BtSara? written with the /3, as it is here, instead of the p. Cf., in Cauer1, No. 40, 1. 5, Trjva BiSdrav, and No. 42, 1. 23, [TTT/I/O?] TOO BiSarda), etc. LI. 3, 4. All the attempts to read, on either the stone or the impression, and on the photograph, the letters lost after the verb /roi«;oSo/u,eo-[et] have been in vain. One would expect to have here the subject of the sentence which might be rt9, or as Comparetti thought, arepo? (that is, one of the two, either a Gortynian or Rhizenian). But the space is too great for rt?, and the remaining traces on the impression appear not to lend themselves in the least to the word are/oo?. It is not impossible that here, as else- where, the subject is lacking and must be understood, and that in its place before SevSpea there should have been another object governed by Trvrevaet, as for example: crre^av 8' av ica foiKoSofte- [cret e /caTro]? e SevSpea Trvrevcrei, KT\. As we have in Greek aypbv (frvrevetv, the expression /CT/TTOU? fyvreveiv would be perfectly regular, and as it treats of an irrigated territory, like the valley of Messara, this clause in regard to planting and cultivating gardens might very well have been especially contemplated in a (TwOr/icr). I must, however, confess that the impression bears some traces of letters which make even this supplement uncer- tain. The irregularity of the syntax should be noted : the sen- tence begins in the relative form and continues in conditional form : — ' The house which (one) shall build and if he shall plant [gardens] or trees.' The TrpiaOai K cnroSodai of 1. 4 would be very obscure if this expression should be literally interpreted. For anyone who builds a house and plants trees may very well sell them (ajroSodai), but I do not see how he can buy them (irpCadaij if they are already his. One can only imagine the case of one who should build and plant (on certain conditions) on domain land or leased ground, as, for example, seems to have been the case with the persons, to whom, according to an inscrip- tion of the northern wall,1 the city of Gortyna rented land in the locality of IlaXa. But in this case no such fact is stated, and 1 ^fon. Ant. Ill, No. 154, p. 295. 208 F ED E RICO HALBHERR perhaps this Trpiadai K cnroSodai should be regarded as a stereo- typed phrase, like others we shall meet with, by means of which the indefinite concession of the right of purchase and sale is indicated, while the first part of the phrase may be re- garded in the broader sense as a concession of the right of € Kal &avei%o(jL€vo<> Kal raXXa Trdvra crtwaXXaovjovTa? Kvpios rffJ-ev Kara TO? inrdp^ovTa^ Trap' eKarepois v6(j,o<>. See also the treaty between Latos and Olus (Mas. It. I, pp. 144-145, 11. 11-14 and 11. 39-42). LI. 4-6. The passage contained in these and the two following lines is important for the mention of the ardpTos and of the o-TapTayeras , an office which is here mentioned for the first time. But unfortunately little or no new light is hereby thrown on the essence and constitution of the o-ra/aro? and on his relations to the tribe. It is said that when the cosmos and the startagetas go to Rhizene they must Koa-fiev with the Rhizenian cosmoi. The verb ajco (09 K djei) is here used with the intransitive mean- ing of ' going.' This clause corresponds to that of the treaties of a later date where it is decreed that the cosmoi, who go offi- cially to the allied city, must he received in the ap%elov or in the prytaneion, and must sit in the €KK\r)ata with its cosmoi. See the treaty between Priansos and Hierapytna, Cauer1, 48, 1. 33 ff. : 6 Be /co'cr/io9 6 T«I> '\epa7rvrv i(ov ep7rera> ev Hpiavaoi e? TO ap%eiov Kal ev eKK\r)(Tia Kadrjcrdw pera TU>V KOCT/JKOV. axravTWS 8e Kal 6 ra)v TIpiavcriecov /co'o-/*o9 epTrera) ev '\epairvTva e» TO ap%elov Kal ev EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GORTYNA 209 ia KaOtjaOco pera TWV tcda-fjuov. See also the treaty already cited between Latos and Olus, 11. 31 ff., and that between Hierapytna and Lyttos, Cauer1, 45, line 3: o Se /COCT/AO? TWV 'IepaTrvTvi~\(0v epirera) Avrrol e? TO ap%etov, etc. The cosmos and startagetas of Gortyna are both treated with equal honor by the Rhizenians. May we hence deduce that the startagetas is also a cosmos, and that on account of his functions and his name he takes a place among the Cretan cosmoi similar to that held by the 7roXe/ia/>%o9 among the Athenian archons? Or should the office of the startagetas be regarded simply as that of the a/o%o? of a startos, in the same way as there is an a/a^o? of the agela and an a/>%oV of the andreion, and might it not better be com- pared to the office of the <£uXo/3ao-tXet<>, of the pctTpiap%oi, or of the ap%ovT€S TOV io9, as is the case frequently elsewhere, is here almost always used in the collective sense. If these do not exact it, but in their stead the TrpeiyiaToi demand it, the latter shall not be fined for so doing. Ta eypanpeva a\\a Se yu,e is an addition and a limiting explanation of the word Trpd&Sev of line 10. Let them exact what is prescribed and no more. LI. 12-15. I find no other supplement, which corresponds to the lacuna and to the meaning which is here required, than aim?, although, according to the dialect, we should rather ex- EPIGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES IN GORTYNA 211 pect avriv. Compare the Great Inscription, Col. IV, line 3. The meaning of the new verb a^jnTcaiw appears to be the same as that of a^io-^rea). If the KOLVOV of the Rhizenians shall have any new difference with the Gortynians, or if any new dispute shall arise between the two cities, the herald shall invite, within ten days, the Gortynians (it is understood, of course, certain Gortynian delegates) or others who shall represent them (perhaps citizens of Rhizene charged to do so by the Gortyn- ians), to present themselves within ten days at Khizene. To KOLVOV ol 'PiTTeviot is like d Tro'Xt? ol Toprvvioi in No. 3 above. In this afYj-nacra or a[l]ndara we find the name of a consulting, deliberating or judging body hitherto unknown. Admitting the second restoration to be correct, the word should be connected with the verb alndco, alrido/jLat ; it would be the name, as Com- paretti also believes, of the accusing assembly before which the Gortynians are invited to appear and to airoicpiveOOai — but the inscription which is here abruptly broken off gives us no clue to a clearer understanding. For the participle /rei^era?, com- pare the compound KarapeXfJievov TO/J, 24. Large block of local limestone, 0.75 m. high, 0.79 m. wide. Its thickness is irregular, 0.20-0.26 m. Letters 0.023- 0.025 m. high. The right border is not inscribed, but it looks as if some inscription on it had been cancelled. The writing continued on the left of another block, but the part which is lost is very small. Lines 9-10, 13-14 and several others, where supplements are evident and clear, show that the missing letters at the beginning or at the end of every line on the left-hand side are two or three in number, or an average of five letters for every two lines. The lacunae in the text can be completely supplied from lines 7 ff. Nevertheless, especially on account of the nature of the subject which is not sufficiently treated of in the remaining archaic texts, there are still a num- ber of difficulties which appear to me insoluble without the help of some new discovery. 212 FEDERICO HALBHERR .H-i'iv The following is my reading of the inscription, with a few explanatory remarks on its content : 1—2 BevSpe'ov KOI poncta1* o ..... n TOV opdpov evvea ol eTrdv/cuTTa 7reTrafjLevoi[ ..... K\a\ev S' avrl 5-6 v ovov TrpoTpiTov rbv a[ ..... (f\avra /x,eT/9[ v • al 8e Ka yu.e etei, Ka\iov [ai eyp^arai, auro? peTpeOo re 9-10 /cat TrpOTTOvero 7rpOT€Tap[rov av\rl pairvpov Svov Trape/J*- v ew cvyopav o^vv^e\v Se e fi^av TOV TO /J,ev e