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AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY
THE JOURNAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
VOLUME I
1897
NOEWOOD, MASS.
PUBLISHED FOR THE INSTITUTE BY
Eije Worfoootr Press
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
cc
flio
V, \
American Journal of Archaeology
SECOND SERIES
THE JOURNAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
Vol. I, 1897
CUitorial BoarD
Editor-in-Chief. JOHN HENRY WRIGHT,
Professor in Harvard University.
Associate Editors. JAMES R. WHEELER (for the American School at Athens),
Professor in Columbia University.
ALLAN MARQUAND (for the American School in Rome), Professor in Princeton University.
HAROLD N. FOWLER,
Professor in Western Reserve University.
Honorary Editors.
JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE (President of the Institute),
Professor in Harvard University.
THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR (Chairman of the Managing Com- mittee of the School at Athens), Professor in Yale University.
WM. GARDNER HALE (Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome) ,
Professor in the University of Chicago.
lEoitortal Contributors
Miss MARY H. BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE H. OLCOTT, Esq.,
Classical Archaeology. Numismatics.
Professor JAMES C. EGBERT, JR., Professor JAMES M. PATON,
Roman Epigraphy. Classical Archaeology.
Professor ELMER T. MERRILL, Dr. GEORGE A. REISNER,
Roman Archaeology. Oriental Archaeology.
Professor HERBERT WEIR SMYTH, Greek Epigraphy.
ERRATA IN VOL. I, 1897
Page 164, line 34, read /ueAcuvav for
Page 168, line 3 of the inscription, read Kop/uovrwv for
Page 166, line 30, read (6 or 7 cm.) for (sixth or seventh century B.C.).
Page 179, line 13, read AAIKOYS/or AAIKOYE.
Page 180, line 2, read KtXvos for KeAo-os-
Page 181, line 6, read y<f]vos for ye]vos-
Page 183, line 22, read tKyo]voi for «Kyo]vo.
Page 192, line 11 of the inscription, read /cAapco/xevoi for KAapw/xevot
Page 195, line 7, read trwcmtfrif^tmu far arvveTruf/rj^ivOai.
Page 202, line 5, read &afUQtfni[vrfi for Aa/zo<j!>a;u,[i7s.
Page 205, line 33, read is TO. OVJJUO.TO. for is aOvfrnra.
Page 213, line 15, read to what does not belong to him for to what belongs
to him.
Page 216, lines 16, 17 of the inscription, read /xat [T] u/ocrt for pu [T] vpai. Page 228, line 9, read <f6afj.ov for ^ooyxov. Page 237, line 3, read /wixo'/xeo^a . for ^axop-ea-Oa (without punctuation).
The Cretan Expedition. Nos. II1-VIII. Epigraphical Researches in Gortyna (Plates IX, X).
— F. HALBHERR 159
Some Cretan Sculptures in the Museum of the Syllogos of Candia (Plate XI). — F. HALBHERR . 239
cc
V, \
American Journal of Archaeology
Professor HERBERT WEIR SMYTH, Greek Epigraphy.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Council of the Archaeological Institute of America . . . . ix
Officers of the Affiliated Societies xi
Managing Committee of the School at Athens . . . . . xv Managing Committee of the School in Rome ..... xvii
EDITORIAL ANNOUNCEMENT 1
AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES IN ROME, 1895-96 : First Annual Report of the Managing Committee. — W. G. HALE,
M. WARREN, C. L. SMITH, Chairmen 5
Report of the Director (Plate I). — W. G. HALE 17
Report of the Associate Director (Plates II, III).
— A. L. FROTHINGHAM, JR. 51
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, 1896-97: Report of the Council (Plates IV-VIII).
— JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, President 69
AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS, 1896-97 : Report of the Managing Committee.
— THOMAS D. SEYMOUR, Chairman 91
Report of the Director. — R. B. RICHARDSON 107
Report of the Professor of Art. — CHARLES WALDSTEIN . . . 117 Report of the Professor of Greek. — J. R. S. STERRETT . . . 120
AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES IN ROME, 1896-97: Report of the Managing Committee.
— WM. GARDNER HALE, Chairman 123
Report of the Director. — MINTON WARREN 137
Report of the Professor of Archaeology. — ALLAN MARQUAND . . 156
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA : The Cretan Expedition. Nos. Ill- VIII. Epigraphical Researches in Gortyna (Plates IX, X).
— F. HALBHERR 159
Some Cretan Sculptures in the Museum of the Syllogos of Candia (Plate XI). — F. HALBHERR . . . . . . . .239
IV CONTENTS
PAGE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA — Continued:
Note on a Mycenaean Vase and on Some Geometric Vases of the
Syllogosof Candia. — P, ORSI 251
Some Roman Busts in the Museum of the Syllogos of Candia
(Plates XII, XIII). — L. MARIANI 266
Statue of an Asclepiad from Gortyna. — L. MARIANI . . .279 The Prehistoric Grotto at Miamu. — A. TARAMELLI . . . . 287
AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS:
Pre-Mycenaean Graves at Corinth (Plate XIV). — T. W. HEER- MANCE and G. D. LORD 313
ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS AND DISCUSSIONS.
— H. N. FOWLER, Editor 333
News of Recent Excavations and Discoveries (Jan.- July, 1897) : General and Miscellaneous, 333 ; Egypt, 336 ; Chaldaea, 339 ; Pales- tine, 344; Syria, 346; Asia Minor, 346; Greece, 347; Italy, 355; Portugal, 366; Spain, 366; France, 367; Germany, 368; England, 375; Herzegovina, 380; Russia, 381; Africa, 383.
Summaries of Articles in Periodicals (Jan.- July, 1897) :
Oriental, Classical, and Christian Archaeology: — General, 388; Egypt, 393; Asia, 397; Greece, 400 (Sculpture, 400; Painting and Vases, 407 ; Inscriptions, 412 ; Coins, 418 ; Miscellaneous, 419) ; Italy, 423 (Architecture, 423 ; Sculpture and Terra-Cottas, 424; Painting and Vases, 425; Inscriptions, 428; Coins, 431; Miscellaneous, 432) ; Gaul, 434 ; Germany, 435 ; Spain, 436 ; Portugal, 437 ; Africa, 437.
Byzantine and Mediaeval Art: — General and Miscellaneous, 438 ; .Italy, 440; Spain, 442; France, 442; Switzerland, 445; Belgium, 445; England, 446; Scotland, 450.
Renaissance Art: — Italy, 450; France, 451 ; Spain, 453; England, 453.
AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS:
Excavations in Corinth, 1896 (Plates XIV-XVII).
— R. B. RICHARDSON 455 The Theatre at Corinth, 1896 (Plates XVIII-XXIV).
-F. C. BABBITT 481 A Roman Building at Corinth (Plates XXV, XXVI).
— H. F. DE Cou 495
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA :
Two Reliefs from Assos (Plate XXVII). — R. NORTON . . .507 Tenochtitlan : its Site identified. — A. H. NOLL .... 515
ARCHAEOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1897. — H. N. FOWLER, Editor . 525 General and Miscellaneous • 525
CONTENTS V
PAGE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1897 — Continued:
Egyptian Archaeology ......... 528
Oriental Archaeology 531
Classical Archaeology 536
Greek and Roman 536
Greek (I, General and Miscellaneous, 539 ; II, Architecture, 545 ; III, Sculpture, 545 ; IV, Vases and Painting, 549 ; V, Inscrip- tions, 551 ; VI, Coins, 555) w ... ••'".'-• • • 539 Roman (I, General and Miscellaneous, 556 ; II, Architecture, 565; III, Sculpture, 566; IV, Vases and Painting, 567;
V, Inscriptions, 567 ; VI, Coins, 573) 556
Christian Art 574
(I, General and Miscellaneous, 574 ; II, Byzantine and Mediaeval, 576 ; III, Renaissance, 578) . • ..'._. . . .574
BULLETINS
I. Report of the School in Rome, 1895-96. Appendix ... 1 Managing Committee . . . . . . . . .3
Faculty and Students . 6
Contributors to Current Exercises and Financial Statement . 7
Regulations of the School 12
Circular of Information for Students . . . . -16
Fellowships 18
II. Annual Reports of the Council of the Institute and of the Schools
at Athens and Rome, 1896-97. Appendix . . . .25 Archaeological Institute of America :
Council of the Institute, 1897-98 27
Members of the Institute, 1897-98 :
Foreign Honorary Members 34
Members of the Affiliated Societies, — Boston, New York, Baltimore, Pennsylvania, Chicago, Detroit, Wisconsin,
Cincinnati, Cleveland, Washington 34
Regulations of the Institute, 1897-98 74
Rules of the Affiliated Societies, 1897-98 78
Financial Statement, 1896-97 94
American School of Classical Studies at Athens :
Managing Committee, 1897-98 29
Colleges Cooperating in the Support of the School, 1897-98 . 30
Trustees of the School, 1897-98 30
Managing Committee and Directorate, 1881-98 . . . 58
Faculty and Students, 1896-97 62
Fellows and Students, 1882-98 63
Regulations, 1897-98 85
Financial Statement, 1896-97 96
Contributors to the School, 1896-97 100
Fellowships for 1898-99 115
Examination Papers for Fellowships, 1896-97 . . . . 117
Circular of Information for Students ..... 125
Books recommended to Students 128
VI CONTENTS
American School of Classical Studies in Rome :
Managing Committee, 1897-98 31
Faculty and Students, 1896-97 70
Fellows and Students, 1895-98 71
Contributors to the School, 1896-97 102
Financial Statement, 1896-97 Q$
Regulations of the School, 1897-98 QQ
Fellowships for 1898-99 115
Circular of Information for Students 125
Books recommended to Students 128
Publications, 1879-97 105
Casts, Photographs, and Lantern Slides us
PLATES
i.
n.
in.
IV.
v.
VI. VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI. XXVII.
Facsimile of Catulli Codex fiomanus, page 1.
Arch of Trajan at Beneventum.
Group of Divinities from Arch of Trajan at Beneventum.
Assos. Plan of Agora, Theatre, etc. South Elevation of Baths.
Restored.
Assos. Small Gateway in Western Fortification Walls (photograph). Assos. Eastern End of Stoa after Excavation (photograph). Assos. Plan of Western Street of Tombs. Elevation of Tomb No.
XVI. Elevation of Tomb No. XXI. Assos. Vaulted Tomb "in field." Restoration, showing Method of
Construction.
Inscription from Gortyna (No. 22). a, b. Archaic Inscriptions from Gortyna (Nos. 28, 29). Head of Aphrodite from Gortyna. Four Roman Busts: Head of Augustus in Modena. Excavations at Old Corinth, 1896. General Plan. Corinth. Trench III. Corinth. Watercourse in Trench III. Corinth. Drum of Column in Trench VII. Plan of Theatre at Corinth. Theatre at Corinth. Steps and Foundation for Seats (Trench XVIII).
Roman Seats in situ (Trench XVIII).
Foundations for Seats (Trench XVIII B).
Flight of Steps (Trench XVIII B).
Foundations for Seats (Trench XVIII C). Walls ("ribs") of Roman Theatre (Trench
Theatre at Corinth. Theatre at Corinth. Theatre at Corinth. Theatre at Corinth. Theatre at Corinth
XVIII F). A Roman Building at Corinth.
(Trench XIV).
A Roman Building at Corinth (Trench XIV). Relief from Assos.
Plan, Elevations, and Sections
ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT
American School in Rome: Villa
Cheremeteff. Elevation .... 45 Villa Cheremeteff: Plans of First,
Second, and Third Floors . . 46, 47 Ground Plan of Byzantine Church
at Gortyna 171
Plan of Church at Qalb-Louzeh . . 173 Late Doric Capital from Gortyna . 177 Apse Wall of Church at Gortyna . 177 Head of Aphrodite in the Museum
of the Syllogos of Candia ... 241 Bellerophon and Pegasus: metope
•relief 243
Fallen Warrior : metope relief . . 246 Seated Figure : metope relief . . . 247 Dioscuri : relief from Cnossos . . 249 Mycenaean Vase from Crete . . . 252 Ornamentation on Mycenaean Vase
from Crete 252
Ornamentation on Vase of Geo- metric Style from Crete .... 254 Cinerary Urn from Crete .... 256 Ornamentation on a stamnos from
Crete 258
Ornamentation on an amphora from
Crete 259
Decorations of covers of ossuaries
from Crete 260, 261
Horse-head-shaped cover of ossuary
from Crete 262
Grotesque oenochoe from Crete . . 263 Head of Augustus from Gortyna . 267 Head of Tiberius from Gortyna . . 269 Head of Livia from Gortyna . . . 270 Head of Germanicus ( ?) , or of a
Member of the Julian Gens, from
Gortyna 272
Head of Eunuch from Chersonesus
in Crete 275
Roman Portrait-bust from Gor- tyna 276
Roman Portrait-bust (Septimius
Severus?) 277
Head of a Boy : Crete 278
Statue of an Asclepiad 280
Head of the Asclepiad Statue . . . 281
Miamii and Vicinity : Plan . . . 288
Conchoidal cup from Miamii . . . 290
Grotto of Miamii: Ground-plan . . 291 Grotto of Miamii : Longitudinal
section 292
Grotto of Miamii : Transverse sec- tion 293
Pitcher: Miamii 294
Spatulae from bone : Miamii . . . 297
Hand-mill and pestle : Miamii . . 298
Vase handle : Miamii 299
Vases from Miamii . . .301, 302, 303
Graffito from Miamii 304
Fragment from the Blue Grotto of
Samatorza (Trieste) 305
Pre-Mycenaean Graves in Corinth:
Elevation and Ground-plan . 314, 315 Vases from Pre-Mycenaean Graves
in Corinth . . 319, 320, 321, 322, 323 Excavations in Corinth, 18% : Plan
of Trench III . 461
Corinth. Plan of Trench VII .. 468 Corinth. Plan of Trench VIII . . 472 Theatre of Corinth. Seat Founda- tion 482
Theatre of Corinth. Stairs . . . 483 Theatre of Corinth. Seat Blocks
on Seat Foundations 485
Epistyle Block from Assos . . . 508
City of Mexico and Tenochtitlan . 519
Vicinity of Tenochtitlan .... 520
Site of Remains of Tenochtitlan . 522
archaeological 9[n$tttute of
COUNCIL OF THE INSTITUTE
1897-1898
President
PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D., Harvard University, of the Boston Society.
Honorary Presidents
PROFESSOR CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, LITT.D., LL.D., Harvard University,
of the Boston Society. PRESIDENT SETH LOW, LL.D., Columbia University, of the New York
Society.
Vice-Presidents
PRESIDENT DANIEL C. OILMAN, LL.D., Johns Hopkins University, Presi- dent of the Baltimore Society.
*DR. WILLIAM PEPPER, LL.D., University of Pennsylvania, President of the Pennsylvania Society.
MR. MARTIN A. RYERSON, LL.B., Chicago, of the Chicago Society.
HON. STEPHEN SALISBURY, A.M., LL.B., Worcester, of the Boston Soci- ety.
PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D., Tale University, of the New York Society.
Secretary
MR. CLARENCE H. YOUNG, PH.D., Columbia University, of the New York Society.
Treasurer
MR. JAMES LOEB, A.B., 27 and 29 Pine Street, New York, of the New York Society.
Editor-in-Chief of the Journal
PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, A.M., Harvard University, of the Boston Society.
* Deceased, ix
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
Other Members of the Council
MR. CYRUS ADLER, PH.D., Washington, of the Washington Society.
MR. GEORGE A. ARMOUR, A.M., Chicago, of the Chicago Society.
Miss CLARA AVERY, Detroit, of the Detroit Society.
MR. SELDEN BACON, A.M., LL.B., New York, of the Wisconsin Society.
MR. DAVID L. BARTLETT, Baltimore, of the Baltimore Society.
MR. GEORGE W. BATES, Detroit, of the Detroit Society.
MR. CLARENCE H. CLARK, Philadelphia, of the Pennsylvania Society.
PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, PH.D., LL.D., University of Michigan, Presi- dent of the Detroit Society.
PRESIDENT TIMOTHY D WIGHT, D.D., LL.D., New Haven, President of the New Haven Society.
PROFESSOR HAROLD N. FOWLER, PH.D., Western Reserve University, of the Cleveland Society.
PROFESSOR ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, JR., PH.D., Princeton Univer- sity, of the Baltimore Society.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, PH.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Harvard University, of the Boston Society.
MR. MALCOLM S. GREENOUGH, A.B., Cleveland, President of the Cleve- land Society.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D., University of Chicago, President of the Chicago Society.
MR. CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON, LL.D., Chicago, of the Chicago Society.
MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., Boston, of the Boston Society.
MRS. NICHOLAS LONGWORTH, Cincinnati, President of the Cincinnati Society.
PROFESSOR ALLAN MARQUAND, PH.D., L.H.D., Princeton University, of the New York Society.
Miss ELLEN F. MASON, Boston, of the Boston Society.
MRS. ALICE FREEMAN PALMER, L.H.D., LL.D., Cambridge, of the Boston Society.
PROFESSOR TRACY PECK, A.M., Yale University, of the New Haven Society.
PROFESSOR EDWARD DELAY AN PERRY, PH.D., Columbia University, President of the New York Society.
MR. FREDERIC J. DE PEYSTER, A.M., LL.B., New York, of the New York Society.
MR. EDWARD ROBINSON, A.B., Boston, of the Boston Society.
PROFESSOR THOMAS J. SHAHAN, D.D., J.U.D., Catholic University of America, President of the Washington Society.
PROFESSOR M. S. SLAUGHTER, PH.D., University of Wisconsin, President of the Wisconsin Society.
PROFESSOR FITZ GERALD TISDALL, PH.D., College of the City of New York, of the New York Society.
PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D., Columbia University, of the New York Society.
MRS. H. WHITMAN, Boston, President of the Boston Society.
OTUateli Societies of tie &rd)aeoi00ieal Institute of America
OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETIES
1897-1898
BOSTON SOCIETY
President MRS. H. WHITMAN.
Vice-President HON. STEPHEN SALISBURY, A.M., LL.B.
Secretary MR. ERNEST JACKSON, A.M.
Treasurer MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B.
NEW YORK SOCIETY
President PROFESSOR EDWARD DEL A VAN PERRY, PH.D.
Vice-Presidents
* PROFESSOR HENRY DRISLER, LL.D. MR. HENRY G. MARQUAND. RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER, S.T.D., LL.D. MR. RUSSELL STURGIS, PH.D.
Secretary MR. CLARENCE H. YOUNG, PH.D.
Treasurer MR. LOUIS D WIGHT RAY, PH.D.
* Deceased, xi
xii ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
BALTIMORE SOCIETY
President PBBSIDKNT DANIEL C. OILMAN, LL.D.
Vice-Presidents MR. MENDES COHEN.
PROFESSOR AETHUR L. FROTHING HAM, JR., PH.D. PROFESSOR BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, PH.D., LL.D. MR. WILLIAM W. SPENCE.
Secretary PROFESSOR KIRBY F. SMITH, Pn.D.
Treasurer MR. HENRY F. THOMPSON.
PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY
President *DR. WILLIAM PEPPER, LL.D.
Vice-Presidents MR. CLARENCE H. CLARK. MRS. CORNELIUS STEVENSON, Sc.D.
Secretary and Treasurer MR. J. C. STRAWBRIDGE.
CHICAGO SOCIETY
President PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D.
Vice-Presidents MR. JOHN J. GLESSNER. HON. FRANKLIN MACVEAGH.
Secretary PROFESSOR CLIFFORD H. MOORE, PH.D.
Treasurer PROFESSOR FRANK B. TARBELL, PH.D.
* Deceased.
OFFICERS OF THE AFFILIATED SOCIETIES xiii
DETROIT SOCIETY
President PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, PH.D., LL.D.
V ice-Presidents
MR. CHARLES BUNCHER. MRS. JOHN J. BAGLEY.
Secretary MR. GEORGE W. BATES.
Treasurer MR. DAVID E. HEINEMAN.
-WISCONSIN SOCIETY
President PROFESSOR MOSES STEPHEN SLAUGHTER, PH.D.
Vice-Presidents
Miss ALICE G. CHAPMAN.
MRS. SARAH FAIRCHILD CONOVER.
PROFESSOR ALEXANDER KERR, A.M.
MRS. WAYNE RAMSAY.
MR. BREESE J. STEVENS.
Secretary and Treasurer PROFESSOR CHARLES FORSTER SMITH, PH.D.
CINCINNATI SOCIETY
President MRS. NICHOLAS LONGWORTH.
V ice-President MR. A. HOWARD HINKLE.
Secretary and Treasurer MR. JULIUS DEXTER, A.B., LL.B.
xiv ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
CLEVELAND SOCIETY
President MR. MALCOLM S. GREENOUGH, A.B.
Vice-President MR. EDWARD S. PAGE.
Secretary and Treasurer PROFESSOR HAROLD NORTH FOWLER, Pn.D.
WASHINGTON SOCIETY
President PROFESSOR THOMAS J. SHAHAN, D.D., J.U.D.
V ice-Presidents
PROFESSOR A. J. HUNTINGTON, Pn.D., D.D. Miss ALICE C. FLETCHER.
Secretary and Treasurer REV. BROTHER FABRICIAN.
NEW HAVEN SOCIETY
President PRESIDENT TIMOTHY DWIGHT, D.D., LL.D.
Vice-Presidents
PROFESSOR SIMEON E. BALDWIN, LL.D. PROFESSOR BERNADOTTE PERRIN, PH.D., LL.D.
Secretary and Treasurer PROFESSOR HORATIO M. REYNOLDS, A.M.
American
of Classical &tulrtes
at
MANAGING COMMITTEE
1897-1898
Chairman PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D., of Yale University.
Secretary PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D., of Columbia University.
Treasurer MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., of Boston.
PROFESSOR CHARLES D. ADAMS, PH.D., of Dartmouth College. PROFESSOR H. M. BAIRD, D.D., LL.D., of the University of the City of
New York.
PROFESSOR I. T. BECKWITH, PH.D., of Trinity College. Miss PROFESSOR A. C. CHAPIN, A.M., of Wellesley College. PROFESSOR EDWARD B. CLAPP, PH.D., of the University of California. PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, PH.D., LL.D., of the University of
Michigan.
* PROFESSOR HENRY DRISLER, LL.D., of Columbia University. PROFESSOR EDGAR A. EMENS, A.M., of Syracuse University. PROFESSOR ALFRED EMERSON, PH.D. (ex officio, as Professor of the School),
of Cornell University.
PROFESSOR O. M. FERNALD, A.M., of Williams College. PROFESSOR ABRAHAM L. FULLER, PH.D., of Adelbert College of West- ern Reserve University.
PROFESSOR HENRY GIBBONS, PH.D., of the University of Pennsylvania. PROFESSOR BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, PH.D., LL.D., of Johns Hopkins
University. PROFESSOR WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, PH.D., LL.D., D.C.L., of Harvard
University. PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D. (ex officio, as Chairman
of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome), of the University
of Chicago. PROFESSOR ALBERT HARKNESS, PH.D., LL.D., of Brown University.
* Deceased, xv
XVI AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
PROFESSOR GEORGE E. HOWES, PH.D., of the University of Vermont.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. LAMBERTON, LITT.D., of the University of Pennsylvania.
Miss PROFESSOR ABBY LEACH, A.M., of Vassar College.
Miss ELLEN F. MASON, of Boston.
MRS. PRESIDENT ELIZABETH S. MEAD, A.M., of Mt. Holyoke College.
PROFESSOR CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, LITT.D., LL.D., of Harvard Uni- versity.
PROFESSOR BERNADOTTE PERRIN, PH.D., LL.D., of Yale University.
PROFESSOR EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY, PH.D., of Columbia University.
MR. FREDERIC J. DE PEYSTER, A.M., LL.B., of New York.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM CAREY POLAND, A.M., of Brown University.
PROFESSOR RUFUS B. RICHARDSON, Pn.D. (ex offitio, as Director of the School), of Athens.
PROFESSOR HERBERT WEIR SMYTH, PH.D., of Bryn Mawr College.
PROFESSOR J. R. SITLINGTON STERRETT, PH.D., of Amherst College.
PROFESSOR FRANK B. TARBELL, PH.D., of the University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR FITZ GERALD TISDALL, PH.D., of the College of the City of New York.
PROFESSOR JAMES C. VAN BENSCHOTEN, LL.D., of Wesleyan University.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM R. WARE, LL.D., of Columbia University.
PROFESSOR BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER, PH.D., LL.D., of Cornell Uni- versity.
PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D. (ex officio, as President of the Institute) , of Harvard University.
PROFESSOR SAMUEL R. WINANS, PH.D., of Princeton University.
PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, A.M. (ex officio, as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Institute), of Harvard University.
American Scjjool of Classical Statues in Eome
MANAGING COMMITTEE
1897-1898
Chairman
PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D., of the University of Chicago.
Secretary
PROFESSOR SAMUEL BALL PLATNER, PH.D., of Adelbert College of Western Reserve University.
Treasurer MR. C. C. CUYLER, A.B., of New York.
MRS. WILLIAM F. ALLEN, of Madison.
PROFESSOR SIDNEY G. ASHMORE, L.H.D., of Union College.
PROFESSOR G. E. BARBER, A.M., of the University of Nebraska.
PROFESSOR H. J. BARTON, A.M., of the University of Illinois.
PROFESSOR CHARLES E. BENNETT, A.B., of Cornell University.
MRS. EMMONS BLAINE, of Chicago.
PROFESSOR D. BONBRIGHT, LL.D., of Northwestern University.
MR. WILLIAM H. BUCKLER, of Baltimore.
PROFESSOR HENRY F. BURTON, A.M., of the University of Rochester.
PROFESSOR J. S. CLARK, A.B., of the University of Minnesota.
RT. REV. MGR. THOMAS J. CONATY, D.D., Rector of the Catholic Univer- sity of America.
MR. FREDERIC R. COUDERT, J.U.D., LL.D., of New York.
PROFESSOR W. L. COWLES, A.M., of Amherst College.
PROFESSOR A. N. CURRIER, LL.D., of the State University of Iowa.
HON. HORACE DAVIS, LL.D., of San Francisco.
PROFESSOR S. C. DERBY, A.M., of the State University of Ohio.
PROFESSOR JAMES H. DILLARD, Lrrr.D., of Tulane University.
RT. REV. WILLIAM C. DOANE, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of Albany.
HON. WILLIAM F. DRAPER, Ambassador of the United States at the Court of Italy.
PROFESSOR JAMES C. EGBERT, JR., of Columbia University.
MR. LOUIS R. EHRICH, of Colorado Springs.
PROFESSOR ALFRED EMERSON, PH.D., Professor in the American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
xviii AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
PROFESSOR HENRY P. EMERSON, A.M., of Buffalo.
PROFESSOR ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, JR., PH.D., of Princeton University.
His EMINENCE CARDINAL JAMES GIBBONS, of Baltimore.
MR. SAMUEL S. GREEN, A.M., of Worcester.
PROFESSOR ALFRED GUDEMAN, PH.D., of the University of Pennsylvania.
PROFESSOR ALBERT G. HARKNESS, A.M., of Brown University.
PROFESSOR SAMUEL HART, D.D., of Trinity College.
PROFESSOR G. L. HENDRICKSON, A.B., of the University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR CHARLES G. HERBERMAN, PH.D., LL.D., of the College of
the City of New York.
PROFESSOR JOHN H. HEWITT, LL.D., of Williams College. RABBI EMIL G. HIRSCH, PH.D., LL.D., of Chicago. PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. HOUGHTON, A.M., of Bowdoin College. MR. CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON, LL.D., of Chicago. PROFESSOR GEORGE E. JACKSON, A.M., of Washington University. PROFESSOR H. W. JOHNSTON, PH.D., of the University of Indiana. PROFESSOR J. C. JONES, PH.D., of the University of Missouri. RT. REV. J. J. KEANE, D.D., Archbishop of Damascus. PROFESSOR FRANCIS W. KELSEY, PH.D., of the University of Michigan. CHANCELLOR J. H. KIRKLAND, Pn.D., of Vanderbilt University. HON. ERNEST B. KRUTTSCHNITT, A.M., of New Orleans, La. COMMENDATORE PROFESSORS RODOLFO LANCIANI, of the University of Rome. MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., of Boston. * PROFESSOR GEORGE M. LANE, LL.D., of Harvard University. REV. CHARLES STANLEY LESTER, D.D., of Milwaukee. PROFESSOR T. B. LINDSAY, PH.D., of Boston University. PROFESSOR GONZALEZ LODGE, Pn.D., of Bryn Mawr College. PROFESSOR JOHN K. LORD, PH.D., of Dartmouth College. PROFESSOR ALLAN MARQUAND, PH.D., L.H.D., of Princeton University. PROFESSOR ELMER T. MERRILL, A.M., of Wesleyan University. PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. MERRILL, PH.D., L.H.D., of the University of
California.
PROFESSOR J. LEVERETT MOORE, PH.D., of Vassar College. REV. R. J. NEVIN, D.D., Rector of the American Church in Rome. PROFESSOR RICHARD NORTON, A.B. (ex officio, as Professor of the School),
of Bryn Mawr College.
RT. REV. MGR. O'CONNELL, Rector of the Collegio Americano in Rome. PROFESSOR E. M. PEASE, PH.D., of Leland Stanford Jr. University. PROFESSOR TRACY PECK, A.M., of Yale University. *DR. WILLIAM PEPPER, LL.D., of the University of Pennsylvania. PROFESSOR W. E. PETERS, LL.D., of the University of Virginia. PROFESSOR EDWIN POST, PH.D., of De Pauw University. RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of New York. HON. WILLIAM POTTER, of Chestnut Hill. HON. STEPHEN SALISBURY,i A.M., LL.B., of Worcester. HON. J. G. SCHMIDLAPP, of Cincinnati. PROFESSOR EDWIN R. SELIGMAN, LL.B., PH.D., of Columbia University.
* Deceased. i Resigned.
MANAGING COMMITTEE xix
PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D. (ex officio, as Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School at Athens), of Yale University.
PROFESSOR EDGAR S. S HUM WAY, PH.D., of Rutgers College.
PROFESSOR M. S. SLAUGHTER. PH.D., of the University of Wisconsin.
PROFESSOR FRANK SMALLEY, PH.D., of Syracuse University.
PROFESSOR CLEMENT L. SMITH, LL.D. (Director of the School), of Har- vard University.
PROFESSOR W. O. SPROULL, PH.D., LL.D., L.H.D., of the University of Cincinnati.
MR. GEORGE R. STETSON, of Washington.
MRS. CORNELIUS STEVENSON, Sc.D., of Philadelphia.
MR. WALDO STORY, A.M., of Rome.
PROFESSOR LEWIS STUART, A.M., of Lake Forest University.
REV. HENRY VAN DYKE, D.D., of New York.
COMMENDATORE PROFESsoRE ADOLFO VENTURI, Director-General of the National Galleries of Italy.
REV. MARVIN R. VINCENT, D.D., of the Union Theological Seminary.
PROFESSOR ARTHUR J. WALKER, A.M., of the University of Kansas.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM R. WARE, LL.D., of Columbia University.
PROFESSOR MINTON WARREN, PH.D., of Johns Hopkins University.
HON. II. B. WENZEL, A.B., LL.B., of St. Paul.
PROFESSOR ANDREW F. WEST, PH.D., of Princeton University.
PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D., of Columbia University.
PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D. (ex officio, as Presi- dent of the Institute), of Harvard University.
VICE-CHANCELLOR B. L. WIGGINS, A.M., of the University of the South.
PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, A.M. (ex officio, as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Institute), of Harvard University.
archaeological institute of America
COUNCIL OF THE INSTITUTE
1897-1898
President
PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D., Harvard University, of the Boston Society.
Honorary Presidents
PROFESSOR CHAELES ELIOT NORTON, Lrrr.D., LL.D., Harvard University,
of the Boston Society. PRESIDENT SETH LOW, LL.D., Columbia University, of the New York
Society.
Vice-Presidents
PRESIDENT DANIEL C. OILMAN, LL.D., Johns Hopkins University, Presi- dent of the Baltimore Society.
DR. WILLIAM PEPPER, LL.D., University of Pennsylvania, President of the Philadelphia Society.
MR. MARTIN A. RYERSON, LL.B., Chicago, of the Chicago Society.
HON. STEPHEN SALISBURY, A.M., LL.B., Worcester, of the Boston Soci- ety.
PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D., Yale University, of the New York Society.
Editor-in-Chief of the Journal
PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, A.M., Harvard University, of the Boston Society.
Other Members of the Council
MR. GEORGE A. ARMOUR, A.M., Chicago, of the Chicago Society. MR. SELDEN BACON, A.M., LL.B., New York, of the Wisconsin Society. MR. DAVID L. BARTLETT, Baltimore, of the Baltimore Society. MR. CHARLES BUNCHER, Detroit, of the Detroit Society. MB. CLARENCE H. CLARK, Philadelphia, of the Philadelphia Society.
iii
iv ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, PH.D., LL.D., University of Michigan, Presi- dent of the Detroit Society.
PROFESSOR HAROLD N. FOWLER, PH.D., Western Reserve University, of the Cleveland Society.
PROFESSOR ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, Jit., PH.D., Princeton Univer- sity, of the Baltimore Society.
MR. MALCOLM S. GREENOUGH, A.B., Cleveland, President of the Cleve- land Society.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D., University of Chicago, President of the Chicago Society.
MR. CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON, LL.D., Chicago, of the Chicago Society.
MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., Boston, of the Boston Society.
MR. JAMES LOEB, A.B. (TREASURER), New York, of the New York Society.
MRS. NICHOLAS LONGWORTH, Cincinnati, President of the Cincinnati Society.
PROFESSOR ALLAN MARQUAND, PH.D., L.H.D., Princeton University, of the New York Society.
Miss ELLEN F. MASON, Boston, of the Boston Society.
PROFESSOR EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY, PH.D., Columbia University, President of the New York Society.
MR. FREDERIC J. DE PEYSTER, A.M., LL.B., New York, of the New York Society.
PROFESSOR DANIEL QUINN, PH.D., Catholic University of America, Presi- dent of the Washington Society.
MR. EDWARD ROBINSON, A.B., Boston, of the Boston Society.
PROFESSOR M. S. SLAUGHTER, PH.D., University of Wisconsin, President of the Wisconsin Society.
PROFESSOR FITZ GERALD TISDALL, PH.D., College of the City of New York, of the New York Society.
PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D., Columbia University, of the New York Society.
MRS. H. WHITMAN, Boston, President of the Boston Society.
MR. CLARENCE H. YOUNG, PH.D. (SECRETARY), Columbia University, of the New York Society.
Executive Committee
PROFESSOR WHITE, 18, Concord Avenue, Cambridge, Mass. MR. HUTCHINSON, 2709, Prairie Avenue, Chicago, III. MR. LOEB, 27 and 29, Pine Street, New York, N. Y. DR. PEPPER, 1811, Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pa. PROFESSOR SEYMOUR, 34, Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Conn.
Secretary DR. YOUNG, 308, West 58th Street, New York, N.Y.
Treasurer MR. LOEB, 27 and 29, Pine Street, New York, N. Y.
Institute of America
EDITORIAL ANNOUNCEMENT
THE Archaeological Institute of America was founded in 1879, ufor the purpose of promoting and directing archaeo- logical investigation and research, — by the sending out of expeditions for special investigation, by aiding the efforts of independent explorers, by publication of archaeological papers and of reports of the results of the expeditions which the Institute may undertake or promote, and by any other means which may from time to time appear desirable." In fulfilment of its purpose it early sent out archaeological expeditions to Assos in the Troad and to Mexico and the southwestern part of the United States, and subsequently an expedition to Crete. The results of these, at least in part, have already been published by the Institute in separate volumes. Of late, however, the Institute has carried on its archaeological explorations and excavations chiefly through the Schools of Classical Studies which it has founded in Greece and Italy. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens was established by the Institute in 1881, and that at Rome in 1895. As institutions in whose work archaeo- logical studies and research must be a very large element, the Institute has constantly maintained intimate relations with them, and has sought to promote their welfare in various ways, — especially by making regular appropriations for the explorations and excavations that have been carried on
American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 1
Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. I (1897), No. 1.
2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
by them for the Institute both in Greece and in Italy, for their publications, and for the maintenance of Fellowships.
In the publication of archaeological material, the Institute, until the present year, has had no well-defined policy. The Annual Reports of the Council and other Reports of the Institute and of the School at Athens have been issued in separate pamphlets, and the scientific Papers of the Institute and of the School at Athens have for a long time been issued in various forms by different publishers. The Ameri- can Journal of Archaeology, First Series (1885-96), has pub- lished many papers of the School at Athens, and throughout the whole period of its existence has received an annual sub- vention from the Institute. It has, however, long seemed important that greater unity and uniformity should be given to the publications of the Institute. Accordingly, on May 8, 1897, upon the recommendation of the Managing Committees of the Schools at Athens and Rome, and after previous dis- cussion at a meeting in January, the Council of the Insti- tute adopted definite measures. The Council then determined that in future all the regular publications of the Institute and of the Schools of Classical Studies at Athens and Rome should be issued by the Institute, in periodical form, in a JOURNAL of its own ; this JOURNAL should be con- ducted by an Editorial Board which in its membership should represent the several interests of the Institute, and should consist of an Editor-in-Chief, chosen by the Council, two editors, chosen respectively by the Managing Com- mittees of the Schools of Classical Studies at Athens and Rome, and other editors, as the Council might determine, together with the President of the Institute and the Chair- men of the Managing Committees of the Schools at Athens and Rome as honorary members. This new periodical, by an arrangement made between the Council and the
EDITOBIAL ANNOUNCEMENT 3
American Journal of Archaeology — to which all students of archaeology owe a large debt — was to be styled the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES : THE JOUR- NAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, and upon the close of the eleventh volume (1896) of the First Series was to replace and succeed the Journal and to receive its copyright, subscription list, and exchanges.
These plans were at once carried into effect; the Edito- rial Board was organized and a publisher selected. The present issue is thus the first number of the JOURNAL of the Institute.
The JOURNAL will be issued six times a year, ultimately — it is expected — at bimonthly intervals. The material to be published in it will comprise all the regular publications of the Institute and of the affiliated Schools and will be dis- tributed, as convenience may determine, in the different numbers of the JOURNAL for the year. This will include :
I. Archaeological Papers of the Institute, in the fields of Ameri- can, Christian, Classical, and Oriental Archaeology ; Papers of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens; Papers of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome.
II. Proceedings of the Institute; Summaries of Archaeological News and Discussions ; Classified Bibliography of current Archae- ological Literature ; Correspondence ; Notes and Notices.
III. Reports of the Institute, including those of the Council, of the Managing Committees of the Schools of Classical Studies at Athens and Rome, and of other Committees of the Institute.
IV. Bulletins (separately paged), containing miscellaneous mat- ter in general supplementary to that of the Reports.
While they recognize the fact that archaeological research should set itself no bounds, the present editors of the JOURNAL are for obvious reasons desirous that American Archaeology in particular should once more become an important feature of the work of the Institute, and that it
4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
should find more frequent representation in the pages of its JOURNAL.
The first number of the JOURNAL consists exclusively of the First Annual Report of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome (1895-96).
The second number will contain the Annual Reports for 1896-97, — the Eighteenth Annual Report of the Council, the Sixteenth Annual Report of the School at Athens, and the Second Annual Report of the School in Rome, together with the names of the officers and members of the Institute and of the Schools. In general the Reports will be issued as the closing number of the yearly volume of the JOURNAL, but in view of the delay in the publication of the volume for 1897, the editors have deemed it expedient to issue them earlier this year.
The third number and subsequent numbers will contain a series of Papers of the Institute relating to the Explorations in Crete conducted in 1893-94 by Professor Halbherr, under the auspices of the Institute and at its expense. These arti- cles will form a continuation of the Cretan Papers which have been begun in the concluding number of the First Series of the American Journal of Archaeology (Vol. XI, 1896, No. 4), soon to be issued. Further articles on the Cretan Expedition will also appear in the second volume of the JOURNAL.
The fourth and following numbers of the first volume of the JOURNAL will contain, besides the Cretan Papers and various other articles on archaeological subjects, the miscel- laneous Papers of the American Schools of Classical Studies at Athens and Rome, Summaries of Archaeological News and Discussions, a classified Bibliography of current Archaeologi- cal Literature, and other matter of interest to members of the Institute and to other readers of the JOURNAL.
American Sdjool of Classical Studies in i&ome
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES IN ROME
[PLATES I-III]
To the Council of the Archaeological Institute of America:
GENTLEMEN, — I have the honor, as Chairman of the Man- aging Committee of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome, to submit to you a record of the establishment of the School, and of its management to the end of August, 1896, partly under my own Chairmanship, and partly under the Acting-Chairmanship of Professor Minton Warren and Pro- fessor Clement L. Smith ; together with my Report as Director of the School during its first year, 1895-96, and the Report of Professor A. L. Frothingham, Jr., as Associate Director during the same year. To these reports are added, in an Appendix, lists of the officers and members of the Managing Committee, of the faculty and students of the school in 1895- 96, and of contributors to current expenses ; a financial state- ment ; the regulations of the School ; a copy of the circular of information for persons who intend to become members ; and a statement with reference to Fellowships.
For many years prior to 1894 Latinists and archaeologists in America had felt that the interests of learning in this country demanded the establishment of a School in Rome, which should be similar in its general character and aim to
American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 5
Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. I (1897), No. 1.
6 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
the School at Athens. They believed, however, that the movement to establish such a School might, if undertaken too soon, work serious harm to the School already in existence, the interests of which were close to the hearts of all classical and archaeological scholars in the country.
At the annual meeting of the Council of the Archaeological Institute held on May 12, 1894, letters were presented, which had been addressed independently to members of the Council by Professor Merrill, of Wesleyan University, and Professor Platner, of the Western Reserve University, urging the estab- lishment of a School in Rome. The Council took the matter into consideration and appointed a committee, consisting of Professors Goodwin, Seymour, and Frothingham, to consider the advisability of such a step, and to report at the next meeting of the Council.
In the following December, during the session of the Con- gress of learned societies held at Philadelphia in honor of the late Professor Whitney, a more decisive step was taken. At a meeting of the Archaeological Institute, held on the 28th of the month, at which members of the American Philological Association were invited to be present and to participate in the proceedings, Professor Ware, of Columbia University, outlined the history and prospects of the new American School of Archi- tecture in Rome, which had been conceived by Mr. Charles F. McKim, of New York, and organized as a three years' experiment by professional architects in various parts of the country. At the conclusion of this account, Professor Ware, on behalf of this School, offered a welcome to any School of similar aims that might be founded, and invited it to share in the use of the build- ing which had already been engaged for the School of Architect- ure. Remarks were made by the Chairman (Professor Goodwin), and Professors Frothingham, White, Seymour, Warren, and Hale. The general conviction was that the hour for action had at last come. The following resolution was accordingly offered by Professor West, of Princeton University, seconded by Pro- fessor White, of Harvard University, and unanimously carried:
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 1
Resoh-ed : That this meeting appoints Professor "\V. G. Hale, of the University of Chicago, Professor Minton Warren, of the Johns Hopkins University, and Professor A. L. Frothingham, Jr., of Princeton University, a Committee (with power to add to their number) to inquire into the feasibility of establishing an American School in Rome in connection with the School of Architecture recently established, to communicate with the managers of this School of Architecture, and to report upon the matter to the Council of the Archaeological Institute of America.
The members of the Committee thus appointed accepted the duties laid upon them. Professor Hale, as first named in the motion, was made Chairman of the Committee, and Professor Frothingham Secretary. Mr. C. C. Cuyler of New York consented to act as Treasurer.
In accordance with the powers given them, and in the con- viction that it' was necessary to rouse interest in many parts of the country, the original Committee of three organized a Committee of seventy-five members, — consisting of both col- lege professors, or unattached scholars, and men in business, — representing forty-four different institutions and fifty-eight different cities. In the choice of these members, it was in general intended that each University or College represented should have one member of its faculty upon the Committee, and that this member should be a professional archaeologist, if a chair of archaeology existed in the institution. In only a few cases, and for reasons of special importance, was a second mem- ber of any faculty appointed. With the consent of this Com- mittee, obtained by correspondence, the original Committee prepared a circular, which set forth the purposes and needs of the School, and proposed that money be raised for an experi- ment of three years, — since, in the depressed financial condition of the country, it was obviously unwise to attempt to raise in four months a sum of money sufficient for a permanent endow- ment. This circular was widely distributed through the agency of the general Committee, and subscriptions were secured, most of which took the form of an annual payment for three years.
When it appeared probable that enough money would be
8 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
subscribed to warrant the establishment of the School for the initial three years, a meeting of the entire Committee was appointed for May 18, 1895, at Columbia University.
At the annual meeting of the Council of the Archaeological Institute, held in New York on May 11, 1895, the Com- mittee already referred to, consisting of Professors Goodwin, Seymour, and Frothingham, reported, through its Chairman, Professor Goodwin, that in its opinion it was desirable that such a School as had been contemplated should be established in Rome. The Committee appointed at Philadelphia next reported, through its Chairman and Secretary, who were members of the Council, that funds sufficient to warrant an experiment of three years had been secured. The Institute was then requested to take the proposed School under its patronage and authority, upon the same general terms on which it had founded the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, and to appoint the Committee of the School, as then constituted, its Managing Committee, giving it the power to enlarge, reduce, or otherwise change its membership, to elect its officers, to determine the name and scope of the School, and to establish its regulations. A motion granting these requests was then passed by the Council, subject to the provision that the relations of the School to the Institute should meet the approval of a Committee, which should consist of the President of the Institute and the Chairmen of the Managing Committees of the School at Athens and the School in Rome. It may here be stated in advance that the organization of the School as afterwards effected was satisfactory to this Committee, and that the School was accordingly taken into the desired rela- tions with the Institute.
The Council of the Institute, further, at the request of the representatives of the School, granted the sum of six hundred dollars for a Fellowship to be held in Rome during the follow- ing year, and the sum of three hundred dollars for excavations.
On May 18, the Managing Committee of the School met at Columbia University, and proceeded to effect a permanent or-
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 9
ganization. A Constitution was proposed, discussed, amended, and adopted. It was agreed, among other provisions, that the name of the School, which had intentionally been left undeter- mined until the general Committee should decide upon it, should be "The American School of Classical Studies in Rome." The sense in which this name is to be taken is explained in the first Regulation of the School. To the mind of the Committee the phrase " Classical Studies," which is sometimes too narrowly interpreted in this country, does not exclude Archaeology, but necessarily includes it. All archaeological studies that deal with Rome under the Early Monarchy, the Republic, and the Empire, or with Italian civilization outside of Rome, during these periods, are classical studies. The publications of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens have almost always been archaeological. In our School in Rome the teaching and the investigations of the past year have dealt exclusively with archaeological subjects ; for the deciphering of ancient documents written with a pen upon parchment or papyrus, — the only subject of our year's work the nature of which could be called in question, — is as truly archaeological as the deciphering of ancient inscriptions written with a sharp instrument or a brush upon walls, or incised upon stones. The publications, further, that will result from the year's activity, will be wholly archaeological, with the exception of a single paper, which, adducing new archaeological evidence to settle a linguistic question, will present the linguistic evidence along with the other. It may indeed safely be assumed that, in any School of Classical Studies conducted in Rome, the great claims of archaeology will securely maintain themselves. Since this is sure, the advantage of the title, as it now stands, is not only that it is in harmony with that of the sister School at Athens, but also that it leaves the Director of the School in Rome free to deal with any phase of classical work that can be done better in Italy than in America. And if, anywhere in our country, the phrase " Classical Studies " is narrowly and injuriously in- terpreted, the work and publications of the School in Rome
10 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
will perform a genuine service in disseminating broader con- ceptions of the nature and mission of such studies.
After the adoption of the Constitution, officers and commit- tees were appointed. Professor Hale, of the University of Chicago, was elected Chairman, and Professor Froth ingham, of Princeton, Secretary, of the Managing Committee. Later in the meeting these gentlemen were elected respectively Director and Associate Director of the School in its first year, and to serve during their absence in Italy Professor Warren, of the Johns Hopkins University, was elected Acting Chairman, and Professor Platner, of the Western Reserve University, Acting Secretary, of the Managing Committee. Professor Warren was also elected to be Director of the School in its second year. Mr. Cuyler was elected Treasurer.
A communication from the Managing Committee of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens was read, informing the Committee of the School in Rome that its- Chairman had been made a member, ex officio, of the Man- aging Committee of the School at Athens, and of its Execu- tive Committee, and that the President of the Archaeological Institute of America had similarly been made a member, ex officio, of both Committees of the School at Athens. In har- mony with this action, the Managing Committee of the School in Rome made the President of the Institute and the Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School at Athens members,. ex officio, of the Managing and Executive Committees of the School in Rome. The two Schools are thus happily and permanently connected with each other and with the Insti- tute by a provision which secures the constant acquaintance of each of these three bodies with the work and plans of the other two.
In addition to the Fellowship of six hundred dollars, granted by the Institute as narrated above, a second Fellowship yield- ing the same amount was established by the Managing Com- mittee. To these two a third, with an income of five hundred dollars, was added, by friends of the School, through the
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 11
efforts of Professor Frothingham, to be open only to students in Christian Archaeology. The Fellowship in Christian Archaeology was subsequently awarded to the Rev. Walter Lowrie, a graduate of Princeton University and of the Prince- ton Theological Seminary ; the Fellowship of the School to Mr. William K. Denison, Bachelor of Arts of Tufts College and Master of Arts of Harvard University ; and the Fellow- ship of the Institute to Mr. Walter Dennison, Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts of the University of Michigan.
The fund pledged to the support of the School was reported to be about $23,000. This amount was subsequently raised to 825,90s1 by an additional gift of three thousand dollars made by Mr. E. D. Morgan of Newport, R.I., and paid in a single sum in order that it might be used immediately in the purchase of the beginnings of a library.
Some time before the meeting of our Managing Committee, the Managing Committee of the American School of Architect- ure in Rome, through Mr. C. F. McKim, its Treasurer, pro- posed the formation of an American Academy in Rome, to comprise the School of Architecture, the School of Classical Studies, and such other Schools of Art as might afterwards be established. The two fundamental ideas of the project, as advocated by Mr. McKim, were, first, that each School should be an integral part of the Academy, and, secondly, that sub- scriptions should be solicited, not for individual Schools, but for a common fund. There was much that was attractive in this plan. Although the several Schools would surrender their autonomy, yet there would be a distinct gain for each in being part of a powerful organization, which would appeal to the public for support with greater effect than could any School individually, and would lend to each member the com- bined impulse and the broad spirit of the whole. From the point of view of our own School, on the other hand, there was the danger of imperfect sympathy on the part of the other Schools, which, having different aims and methods, might not 1 This amount has since suffered some shrinkage.
12 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
clearly feel the value and recognize the needs of the kind of work which a body of specialists would see to be imperative for us. The question being a grave one, it would have been improper for our School to take any step before full discussion at a meeting of the Managing Committee ; and it was im- possible, by the time this stage had been reached, — namely, the middle of the summer, — to secure a proper attendance for such a meeting. The Executive Committee accordingly passed a general resolution expressing interest in the scheme, and promising that it should be considered by the Managing Committee at its next meeting.
The history of the proceedings of the Managing Committee from the summer of 1895 to September 1, 1896, will be found in the Reports of Professors Warren and Smith, which follow. I have only to add, in retrospect of the entire period covered by these reports and my own, that the financial record of the School has on the whole been satisfactory. There has been a temporary difficulty in raising the special subscriptions neces- sary for the work at Beneventum (see the Reports of Pro- fessors Smith and Frothingham, pp. 16 and 57), and some of the original subscriptions have riot been paid ; but on the other hand I am glad to say that a saving of $1666.62 has been made upon the appropriations voted by the Managing Committee for the regular expenses of the School.
WM. GARDNER HALE, Chairman. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO.
REPORT OF THE ACTING CHAIRMAN OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE, SEPTEMBER, 1895, TO MAY, 1896
GENTLEMEN, — I have the honor to submit the following report as Acting Chairman of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome from the time of Professor Male's departure for Europe in September, 1895, to the meeting of the Manag- ing Committee held on May 7, 1896, inclusive.
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 13
At the meeting of the Managing Committee on May 18, 1895, I was authorized to appoint a committee of conference, to con- sist of three members, of whom I was to be one, to confer with the representatives of the School of Architecture and of other Schools to be established in Rome, looking toward the estab- lishment of an American Academy in Rome. I accordingly appointed Professor Seymour, of Yale, and Professor Smith, of Harvard, to act with me on that committee. Professor Sey- mour and I were present at a meeting held in October in New York, but Professor Smith was unfortunately prevented from attending. Subsequently I attended two other less formal meetings held in New York, and considerable correspond- ence passed between the members of the committee and Pro- fessor Ware, of Columbia University, in reference to the draft of a proposed constitution for the Academy. It was at one time thought advisable to call a meeting of the Managing Committee at the Christmas holidays to consider the plan for an Academy, but as the whole scheme was not matured with sufficient definite- ness to be laid before the Committee, it was deemed wiser not to hold the meeting. Shortly after this, Mr. McKim went abroad for several months, and the whole matter was deferred to the May meeting.
In the expectation that a meeting of the Managing Committee would be held at Christmas, the Director and Associate Director of the School had sent from Rome carefully prepared plans for the making of moulds of the arch of Trajan at Beneventum, and for investigations to be carried on by the School on the site of ancient Norba. As no meeting was held, the approval of these plans by the Executive Committee was secured by correspond- ence, so that the work might proceed without delay, and some special contributions were received for these objects. The annual meeting of the Managing Committee of the School was called for May 7, 1896. On the previous day, an informal meeting of a few of the promoters of the plan for an Academy took place, to which I was invited. At my request Professor Platner, of Western Reserve University, who was in New York,
14 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
was also asked to be present. Up to this time it had seemed quite possible for our School to cooperate in the establishment of the proposed Academy and still to preserve its own inde- pendence. At this meeting, however, it became apparent that our School as such could not become an integral part of the Academy, inasmuch as the representatives of the other Schools desired to have only a limited number of Fellows within the Academy building, thus excluding from its privileges most of the members of our School. It was, moreover, intimated that for the present the School would be expected to provide a fund for the Classical Fellowships out of its own resources, the endowment of the Academy not being adequate to pro- vide such Fellowships. These facts were stated to the Man- aging Committee at its meeting on May 7, by both Professor Platner and myself, and, while the spirit of that meeting was entirely friendly to the establishment of an American Acad- emy in Rome, the difficulties of making the American School of Classical Studies, which had already been taken under the protection of the Institute, an integral part of the Academy, were fully realized, and no action looking to the participation of the School in the plan for an Academy was taken, except that the Chairman was authorized to appoint a Committee for such further conference with the promoters of the plan as might be desired. The Committee appointed consisted of Professors Peck and Seymour, of Yale, and Professor Mer- rill, of Wesleyan ; and here the matter rested.
At the second annual meeting of the Managing Committee, Professor Allan Marquand, of Princeton, was elected Professor of .Archaeology in the School for the year 1896-97, and Pro- fessor Clement L. Smith, of Harvard, Director of the School for the year 1897-98 ; and both of these gentlemen signified their acceptance of the appointments. The budget for the year 1896-97 was approved, and the Executive Committee was authorized to make further appropriations by unanimous vote. A Committee on Fellowships was appointed, consisting of Pro- fessors Hale, Smith, and Platner. The eighth Regulation was
FIRST ANNUAL liEPORT, 1895-96 15
amended to its present form. The Executive Committee also voted that the Director should be authorized to have a book- plate made commemorating Mr. E. D. Morgan's gift of three thousand dollars for the library of the School, and to place it in books equal in value to that amount. The prelimi- nary reports of Professor Hale, the Director, and of Pro- fessor Frothingham, the Associate Director, which were read at the meeting, were listened to with great interest, as indi- cating that most gratifying progress had been made in the face of great difficulties toward the establishment of a per- manent School which was destined to be a credit alike to the Institute and to the country.
MINTON WARREN, Acting Chairman. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY.
REPORT OF THE ACTING CHAIRMAN OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE, MAY TO OCTOBER, 1896
GENTLEMEN, — I have the honor to submit the following re- port as Acting Chairman of the Managing Committee of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome from the adjournment of the annual meeting of the Committee in May, 1896, to the return of Professor Hale and his resumption of duties as Chairman of the Committee in the autumn.
During this period no meeting of the Managing Committee was held, but the Executive Committee was called to act in its behalf in two important emergencies.
The first of these emergencies grew out of our relations with the School of Architecture, from which we had leased rooms in the Villa dell' Aurora for the year 1895-96. It had become clear, for the reasons set forth in Professor Warren's report, that a union of our School with the projected American Acad- emy, of which the School of Architecture was to be a constitu- ent part, was impracticable ; and as the Villa dell' Aurora would eventually be needed for the use of the Academy, the
16 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
question of our continuing to occupy rooms in the building demanded immediate consideration. The School of Archi- tecture, while desiring to retain us as tenants, could give us no assurance of possession for another year. The Executive Committee thereupon authorized Professors Hale, Warren, and Frothingham, acting as a Committee, to secure other suitable quarters for the School during the year 1896-97, or, if they deemed it more advantageous, for the two years 1896-98. This commission was carefully executed by the gentlemen named, who obtained for us a lease, until December 31, 1898, of the furnished villa at No. 2 Via Gaeta.
On the completion of the casts of Trajan's Arch at Bene- ventum, since the collection of subscriptions had been slow, and since the cost had considerably exceeded what was re- garded as a liberal estimate, the Executive Committee, at the request of the Director and the Associate Director, authorized the Treasurer to advance a sum sufficient to meet the require- ments of the contract. The Committee made the appro- priation with some reluctance, but under the circumstances it seemed unavoidable. This temporary diminution of the funds of the School has now been nearly made good, and in the end they will probably suffer no loss from this source.
The Committee, consisting of Professors Smith, Seymour, and Platner, appointed at the annual meeting to award the three Fellowships for 1896-97, considered the applications of the candidates. The Fellowship in Christian Archaeology was awarded to Mr. Albert F. Earnshaw, a graduate of Princeton in 1892, and of the Union Theological Seminary in 1896, — the only applicant. Mr. Walter Dennison was reappointed to the Fellowship by him held in 1895-96. The third Fellow- ship was awarded to Mr. Gordon J. Laing, a graduate of the University of Toronto in 1891, and a graduate student of the Johns Hopkins University since 1893.
CLEMENT L. SMITH, Acting Chairman. HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR
1895-96
To the Managing Committee of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome :
GENTLEMEN, — I have the honor to submit my report as Director of the School in Rome during the year 1895-96.
It should be borne in mind that, in this opening year, the Direction of the School had to feel its way, learning gradu- ally the resources that could be drawn upon, and the best order in which to employ them.
The School started without traditions, except such as could be derived, on the score of relationship, from the elder School at Athens. The most important experience which that School had to impart was that, in a place where almost everything is new to the students, and where everything has a large lit- erature accumulated around it, the system of a dozen or so of hours of recitations or lectures a week must be abandoned. The study of a few fields, with time for thorough individual and independent research in each, — such was the programme of the School at Athens.
The instructors and members of the School met on the appointed day, October 15, 1895, for preliminary organiza- tion. It was at once arranged that Mr. Walter Dennison, Fellow of the School, who had already spent some time in Rome, and had heard Professor Hiilsen's lectures on Topog- raphy the previous year, should take the students upon topo- graphical expeditions as a preparation for further work.
Professor Frothingham and I began our instruction the next weak. He gave one lecture weekly upon Classical
17
18 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
Archaeology, and one upon Christian Archaeology. I gave two each week upon Epigraphy.
While I was endeavoring to arrange for a course in Topog- raphy, I learned from Professor Hiilsen, Second Secretary of the German Archaeological Institute in Rome, that students of other Schools in the city were permitted to join the students of the German Institute, and that, in point of fact, his classes always contained such persons. He assured me that the stu- dents of the American School would be welcomed to his course on Topography. This invitation was gladly accepted. A similar arrangement exists in Athens, where the students of the American School are admitted to Dr. Dorpfeld's topo- graphical lectures. Our students had been advised to go to Germany, if possible, in the summer preceding the opening of the School, in order to increase their facility in written and spoken German. Several of them had done this; others were already able at least to read the language without great difficulty. Meanwhile, Mr. Dennison's methodical and careful topographical expeditions had continued, and the students had been making themselves familiar with the books of Middleton, Lanciani, and others. Thus Professor Hiilseri's lectures were from the beginning fairly understood, and in a short time the students were able to follow them with ease. The interest of the students was very great, and their personal devotion to Professor Hiilsen was marked. A pleasant indication of their feeling was given at Christmas time, in the presentation to him of a fine copy of a Pompeian bronze, the work of Sig. Angelo del Nero.
In gaining admission to these lectures, which began in No- vember, we had come in contact with a definitely established system of work, the result of an experience of over fifty years in Rome. It will be worth while to state what that system is. Beginning ordinarily in the middle of November, Professor Hiilsen gives a course of eighteen or twenty lectures on Topography ; while these continue, no other work is given in the Institute. They occupy the time until Christmas.
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1S95-96 19
About January 15, Professor Hiilsen begins a similar course in Epigraphy, lecturing in part at the Institute, but oftener in the museums. At the same time, the head of the Institute, Professor Petersen, begins a course of weekly lectures in the museums, not limited to any particular field, but dealing with the history and chronology of art. About ten of these lectures were given in the year 1895-96. Toward the end of March the students go to Greece. On their return, early in July, they are met by Dr. Mau at Pompeii, who directs their ten days' study of this city. This is all the stated work of the Institute. The theory upon which it is conducted is that, when advanced students take up a subject like Topography or Epigraphy, they need for it the whole or nearly the whole of their time. The German Institute holds open meetings every other week from December to April. The papers read are rarely presented by students ; most of them are by pro- fessors of the Institute, or by outsiders. It will be understood that the comparatively small amount of teaching, and the con- stant repetition of the subjects in which the professors of the Institute are incessantly working, give these scholars abundant leisure for research.
When Professor Hiilsen's lectures began, it seemed neces- sary, for reasons made clear above, to postpone the courses which Professor Frothingham and I had been giving for a month. In other words, the situation forced us to adopt, at least temporarily, the system of the German Institute. I imagine that in the future the plans adopted by other directors will be substantially the same ; though modifica- tions may be introduced, due to the different stage of prep- aration at which our American students, for the present at least, begin their work.
A modification was, indeed, introduced in the present year, as will appear. In due season I made my official calls upon the heads of other schools in Rome, and from all I received the greatest courtesy. From one in particular, Professor von Sickel, Director of the Austrian Historical Institute, and a noted
20 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
palaeographist, I received information which proved to be of great value ; namely, that a course of lectures on Palaeography was soon to be opened at the Vatican by Professor Melampo, recently appointed to the chair made vacant by the death of Professor Carini ; and that I could probably gain admission for our students. I accordingly went to the opening lecture, taking with me two men, by way of experiment, to see how they would profit from a lecture in Italian. The introduction was well arranged, and the students found the lecturer's Italian singularly clear and easy to follow. All the regular members of the School attended the next meeting, and it was decided to ask Professor Melampo and Cardinal Galimberti, whose consent was necessary, to permit our students to attend regularly. At this second meeting we found the long tables in front of the benches covered with copies of reproductions of a page of manuscript, sufficient in number to give a copy to each student, or to each pair of students ; and a large part of the work of the hour consisted in the transliteration of the repro- duction. The same general system was followed throughout the course. Every day there was a practical exercise, preceded, sometimes, by a brief lecture. This exercise took, at times, the form of simple transliteration, at others the form of written answers to questions suggested by the facsimiles set before the class. The work occupied three hours a week, and, from December 3, when it opened, until the close of the course in Topography at Christmas time, our students were kept very busy, both by the novelty of the subjects studied and, — a serious factor in Rome, where Horace's irony calls the distances humane commoda, — by the wide separation of the places of work from one another and from the School building.
Here, then, is the modification of the system of the German Institute spoken of above. While we have adopted the prin- ciple of concentration, and the idea that most courses should cover about twenty conferences, we have not been able to have merely a single course going on at a time. There are certain subjects upon which it is important that every student who
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 21
comes for a single year only — and the majority of our students will for some time be such — should make at least a begin- ning. It is to be expected, however, that within a few years our students will bring with them at least an elementary knowledge of Epigraphy, Palaeography, and Archaeology in the narrower sense ; and, to this extent, they will be able to devote themselves with greater concentration to a few fields.
In addition to the courses already mentioned, it seemed desirable to provide for our students, if possible, a course in Numismatics, not only because of the general interest of the subject itself, and its importance to Roman History, Roman Portraiture, and Roman Epigraphy, but also because of the zeal with which several of them had privately begun to study coins. This course should be given by a trained specialist, with a large collection of coins at his service. A most suitable person, if arrangements could be made with him, was unquestionably Professor Stevenson, Curator of Coins at the Vatican. Such a course had never been given, however, nor was the public admitted to the coin-room, and Professor Stevenson was in doubt whether the plan was possible. It could not be carried out without the consent of the highest authority. His Holiness the Pope, however, with that liber- ality with which he has always treated questions affecting the advancement of scholarship, gave his approval, and the arrangement was made. Only students of the American School were admitted to the course, and, since the treasury of the School bore all charges, it may be viewed as our own course, — though made possible for us only by the generosity of the Papal government and the enthusiasm of Professor Stevenson himself. In order to save time, the hour in Numismatics was set directly after the hour in Palaeography. The course was intended to continue ten weeks, with two exercises a week. In consequence, however, of the illness of the lecturer during part of the time, only twelve lectures were actually given.
The course in Numismatics began in the second week of January, upon the opening of the active work of the Vatican
22 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
after the holidays. At about the same time, Professor Froth- ingham resumed his weekly lectures in Pagan and Christian Archaeology, and continued them until the students went to Greece, except when obliged to be absent on account of the work at Norba.
During the last weeks of January, accordingly, most of our students had six stated exercises of an hour each, weekly, three in Palaeography, one in Archaeology, and two in Nu- mismatics. Early in February I resumed my own course on Epigraphy, and from this time until March 26, when our stu- dents began their tour in Greece, I conducted two weekly exer- cises, usually of an hour and a half each, sometimes of two hours and a half, when the omission of other work made this possible. The introductory lectures of the first month of the year had been given in the School building. When these, for reasons given above, were postponed, I arranged that, in preparation for work at a later time before the inscriptions themselves, the students should first make themselves familiar with Cagnat's Epigraphie Latine, then read Wilmanns's Selec- tions and parts of the Corpus, and add to this whatever experi- mentation they could find time for, as they went about in the museums. When we met again, I found, of course, different stages of preparation ; but all were then at a stage at which profitable work could be carried on, by the members of the class, in face of the inscriptions themselves. In the conduct of the course, I took up the inscriptions by subjects. In some cases I gave a brief introductory lecture ; in others, I spent a large part of the time in interpreting. In the main, however, the reading and interpretation were done by the students. Sometimes a number of easy inscriptions would be interpreted, after previous study, by a single person ; some- times to two or even three persons would be assigned a difficult inscription or a difficult group. My endeavor was always to select inscriptions which should throw light upon one another, and, if possible, fix in the memory, without sensible effort, facts difficult to retain when simply read about, together with a mass
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 23
of other particulars, in a book. Some time having been given to the study of the inscriptions assigned, the remainder of the period was then devoted to the work of interpreting, the whole class giving its attention to the interpreter, and, as far as possible, making corrections or suggestions where he was at fault. I cannot, of course, speak of the interest of the students themselves, which doubtless varied, but my own interest and pleasure in the work were very keen. I could not have fore- seen how great the difference would be between reading the inscriptions in the Corpus or in printed selections, and reading the actual inscriptions themselves, as the stone-cutter and time had left them, with all their variations of style and legibility ; to say nothing of the human interest often lent to them by the form of the monument upon which they were cut, and their sculptured accessories. Nor could I have anticipated how great would be the pleasure in the exercise of restoring imper- fect stones, when seen precisely as they are, and without the solutions generally provided in the Corpus. To these advan- tages should be added the heightened sense of reality and importance that are given, by the surroundings of the student in Rome, to matters of ancient administration and history, which play so large a part in the interpretation of Latin inscriptions. In addition to this course in Epigraphy, I had hoped to give a course in Roman Private Life, especially as represented on the monuments. Such a course could be made of great value to students, and would doubtless also stimulate some of them to give courses upon the same subject in the university and college positions which it is hoped that most of them will eventually hold. While many photographs can already be had to illustrate the subject, the number of useful things remaining unphotographed is great, and some future director or professor can render a service to the School, and to American teachers, by having photographs made, and then preparing a classified list of available material which might be had by any scholar or University. I had myself hoped to begin this undertaking ; but I had altogether underrated the amount of time which
24 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
would have to be devoted, in this opening year, to work that leaves no visible evidence behind it.
The sketch which I have just given of the arrangements thus far made for the School omits to mention the fact that a few of our students attended Professor Peterson's lectures in the winter. Mr. Walter Dennison, who, in Archaeology, was in advance of the rest of the School, was able to command a good deal of time for the further study of Epigraphy, includ- ing the Epigraphy of the Italic Dialects, and for a substantial piece of work upon an epigraphical subject, which was under- taken at my suggestion.
Through the kind offices of Father Farrelly, Acting Head of the American College in Rome, admission had been procured for the Rev. Walter Lowrie, our Fellow in Christian Archae- ology, and Mr. Branson, special student in the History of Art, to the lectures of Professor Armellini, of the College of the Propaganda, on Christian Archaeology. These lectures were not given, however, in consequence of the unhappy death of the lecturer.
The resources of Rome in advanced work of a kind suitable for our students are extremely rich. Beside all that I have mentioned, there remain courses, in the University of Rome, in Topography, Greek Epigraphy, Greek Archaeology, and similar subjects, given by Lanciani, Halbherr, and Loewy, to which members of our School would be welcomed. As to the lan- guages employed in these and other courses, it is one of the good fruits of the year that spoken German arid Italian have lost their terrors for most of our students.
While the officers and students of the School were thus engaged, the School undertook three other pieces of work, in two of which it was measurably successful. In the third, though unsuccessful, it reached indirectly results of great importance.
It is the policy of the Italian Government not to grant rights of independent excavation to foreign Schools. Professor Frothingham, however, believing that this policy might be
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 25
changed, proposed a plan of excavations on the site of the city and necropolis of the ancient Norba, which was destroyed in the civil wars in the time of Sulla. As a preliminary, it seemed to him best to make such a study of the site of the town as was possible without excavation, and he accordingly, at the cost of much time and labor, prepared an excellent and interesting topographical plan of the ancient city. He also succeeded in tracing a system of ancient roads, not hitherto known, which connected Norba with the adjacent towns. He spoke on these two subjects at the meeting of the German Institute on April 10. In the course of his work, it became clear that the traditional policy of the Italian Government, which does not grant the rights to make excavations (scavi~) to foreign Schools, would be maintained, and that, in this im- portant field at Norba, we should not be allowed even to make probings (tasti). We were obliged, therefore, to remain con- tent with the results which could be obtained "by surface work. Fortunately these are valuable, and do Professor Frothingham and the School much credit.
The School engaged also in a second project which was pro- posed by Professor Frothingham, and, upon our joint recom- mendation, was approved by the Executive Committee at home.
— the making of moulds from the Arch of Trajan at Beneven- tum. For this we succeeded in obtaining the consent of the Italian Government. Money for the purpose was raised, partly in America, — mainly through the efforts of the Acting Chair- man, Professor Warren, and of Professor Kelsey, of Michigan University, — and partly, by the Associate Director and the Director, among American residents or visitors in Italy. The sculptures of the arch are in remarkably good preservation, and belong to the best period of Roman art. One of them, indeed,
— the group of four gods watching the scene below, — is per- haps the noblest piece of Roman sculpture that has come down to us. The task was well worth accomplishing, and forms a happy continuation of the work recently undertaken by the German Institute in making casts of the Column of Marcus
26 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
Aurelius in Rome. Both these projects will be dealt with more fully in Professor Frothingham's Report.
A third project was less successful. The indirect conse- quences were, however, of immediate value, and led ultimately to results greater than I should have dared to hope for in the beginning. I had desired that the School should publish a complete facsimile of some important manuscript. Nothing appeared better suited to this purpose than the Codex Vetus (B) of Plautus, in the possession of the Vatican Library. Through Father Ehrle, the Prefect of the Library, I made for- mal application, on behalf of the School, for the right to pub- lish this manuscript in facsimile. It then appeared that the authorities of the Vatican Library had recently decided, from time to time and as success seemed to warrant, to publish reproductions of manuscripts ; and the importance of this manuscript of Plautus was clearly recognized. I therefore abandoned all idea of publishing any manuscript in the Vati- can Library, and visited the Laurentian Library in Florence, desiring to see the condition of the two manuscripts (Laur. 68, 1 and 2) containing different parts of the Annals of Tacitus (the sole authority for the Annals), and the manuscript (Laur. 51, 10) of Varro De Lingua Latina. One of these I hoped we might be allowed to publish. I was kindly received by the Prefect, Signer Biagi, but was informed that the Library had recently adopted a plan of issuing publications of this sort, and that we could not be allowed to publish any manuscript inde- pendently. It appeared, too, that even participation with the Library in the publication of a facsimile would be impossible without the consent of the general Government, and that it was morally sure that such consent would not be granted. We had thus encountered the same difficulty from the side of the Government which we had experienced before from the side of the Vatican, — the natural, but for us unfortunate, desire of the Government and the Vatican to have matters of scientific research and publication, in the case of all fresh materials, con- ducted in their own names. It is still probable that we may be
FIEST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 27
allowed to publish manuscripts from libraries of less importance in Italy which are under the control of the local government, or from libraries outside of Italy, as in Switzerland, Spain, France, or England. It would be difficult to overestimate the value of such work in stimulating the interest of American students in a field of great consequence to American editors of the classics.
My plans, then, did not succeed in the form in which I had projected them ; but the indirect results of the attempts were at once fortunate. The Prefect of the Vatican Library, seeing the interest taken by the School in the study of Palae- ography, opened the Vatican Library, for actual work, first to some of our men, and then to all. No manuscript upon which any of them desired to work, no matter how precious, was withheld.
The importance of the privileges thus opened to the School can hardly be exaggerated, especially if we should be limited in the field of archaeological exploration at first hand. The resources of the Vatican seem to be inexhaustible, and not only will there always be opportunities for highly specialized work, here and elsewhere in Italy, but there actually are at present a great many inedited manuscripts of value even in Rome ; while the possibility of some fresh discovery is always present.
Some of our men acquired a taste which will bring them back to European libraries in the future ; and several of them engaged in work which is going to bear immediate fruit. Mr. Shipley undertook a study of the ninth century manuscript (Reginensis 762) of the third decade of Livy (uni- versally recognized as a copy of the Paris manuscript P, of the fifth or sixth century), with a view to illustrating by examples what has heretofore been largely a matter of infer- ence; namely, what actually happens in the way of mis- understanding and corruption, or, on the other hand, of intentional correction and reconstruction, in the transmission of texts through the repeated process of copying. Dr. Burton and Mr. W. K. Denison, who had both made a special study
28 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
of Catullus at Harvard, began work tentatively upon two inedited manuscripts of this author. Mr. Tamblyn made an examination of the alphabets of certain early manuscripts ; but a task of more immediate importance was later found for him.
So much for the regular work of the School up to the time of the departure of the students for Greece. In addition there is a number of lectures and excursions to chronicle. In Janu- ary, Professor Waldstein lectured in the Conservatori Museum, with his accustomed skill and contagious enthusiasm, upon the subject of Archaic and Archaistic Sculpture, and quickened the desire of our students to visit Greece. A few of our men were also able to attend Professor Petersen's valuable lectures in the museums in the winter, and several of them went with him upon his excursion to Hadrian's Villa. Later in the year, Professor Lanciani, the charm of whose lecturing is well-known to American audiences, accompanied the entire School upon a memorable expedition to Ostia. In April, Professor Marucchi, Curator of the Egyptian Museum in the Vatican, a well-known authority upon Christian Archaeology, took the School upon three visits to the three most important catacombs, devoting the whole afternoon in each case to the expedition. In April also, Father Ehrle, Prefect of the Vatican Library, conducted the School through the Library, devoting more than two hours to the showing of its most famous manuscripts.
In the autumn took place Professor Frothingham's visits with the School to the sites of ancient hill-towns in Latium, and his visit to some of the necropoleis of Etruria ; of these he will speak in his report. In the spring I visited with the School the valley and probable site of Horace's Sabine farm, and, on the last day of our work before the departure of our students for Greece, Livia's Villa at Porta Prima.
By means of the bicycle, — a most efficient auxiliary in a country of such excellent roads as Italy possesses, — our stu- dents were able to make themselves thoroughly familiar with the Campagna, and to visit easily many points of note in it
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 29
and beyond it, such as Veil, Livia's Villa at Porta Prima, Soracte, Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli and the valley of the Anio beyond, Frascati, Albano, the Alban Lake, the lake of Nemi, Ostia, and the Sacred Grove of the Arval Brothers. From such excursions one carries away not only a serviceable acquaintance with places of archaeological consequence, but, — what is hardly secondary in importance, — lasting memories of color and atmosphere and form of a noble and varied land- scape, filled with historical and literary associations of the highest interest.
By the eighth Regulation provision is made whereby our students may go to Greece for two months of work. This provision, which represents the unanimous opinion of the Committee that drew it up, is wise. There is a certain loss, to be sure, especially for those who can remain but a single year abroad, in an absence of two months from Rome, just at the time when, if they are to succeed in doing a special piece of work, they are ripening for it. But, on the other hand, the fortunes of Greek and Latin studies are ultimately indissol- ubly linked, and the completest sympathy is desirable between specialist workers in the two parts of what is really but a single field. Just as it is impossible fully to understand Latin literature without a knowledge of Greek literature, is it impossible fully to understand the visible remains of Roman civilization without a direct and sympathetic, even if not detailed, knowledge of the visible remains of Greek civiliza- tion. It should become the tradition of our School, as it has for many years been the tradition of the German Archaeologi- cal Institute in Rome, that students who have not yet been in Greece should make a visit there for serious work in the spring.
Neither Professor Frothingham nor I accompanied the stu- dents to Greece. He, as is already apparent, was busily occu- pied with the prosecution of the work at Norba and Beneven- tum, and I had work to do which will presently be described. By a Regulation of the Roman School — repeated conversely
30 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
iii the case of the Regulations of the School at Athens — the students are under the general direction, while in Greece, of the head of the Greek School. Our students, then, at the end of March found their way, by various routes and in various parties, to Athens, several accompanying Mr. Lord, the Director of the School of Architecture, who took the members of that School to Greece by way of Sicily.
One definite arrangement had been made for our students in advance by correspondence. Professor Dorpfeld, one of the Secretaries of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens, makes, annually, an excursion through Peloponnesus, and an- other among the Greek Islands, with students of the German School and others who may arrive from Germany ; and mem- bers of our School at Athens have each year been permitted to take part. In the first year of the Roman School, on account of the large number of people who went to Athens to see the Olympic Games, the applications for the excursion were unusually numerous. Still it was arranged that two stu- dents of the School should take part in the first excursion and five in the second. Seven of our students accordingly had the benefit of Dr. Dorpfeld's personal guidance over Greek ground. Apart from instruction received, acquaintance thus formed with a scholar who is a recognized leader in his specialty is of great effect in quickening the spirit and ambition of the young student ; and the same quickening influence was, of course, exerted upon the members of our School by their asso- ciation in Rome with men of the first rank in their profession.
Our students bore well the strain put upon their loyalty to Italy by their stay in what is, in many ways, the most exquisite country in the world. One of them wrote that, while they had greatly enjoyed Greece and Athens, they were at heart a little homesick for'Rome, and would be quite ready to return. This is fortunate ; for, while Greek literature appeals to young minds and old minds alike, a real appreciation of Roman literature demands a certain maturity ; and it is well if this difference, which tends to carry a majority of our young graduate stu-
FIRST ANNUAL RE POET, 1895-96 31
dents into Greek rather than into Latin, can to some extent be offset by the power which Rome itself exerts upon those who go there to study. The hurried traveller often misses it ; but those who live for any length of time in the great city which was the centre of the civilizing and organizing power of the ancient world, come, if they have any historical sense, to feel profoundly that sentiment which led the ancient Romans so often to call the city, in their inscriptions, the urbs sacra. This sense of the great place of Rome in the world will never pass away. Mommsen, the last speaker at the closing session of the year at the German Institute, said, in the language which is de rigueur at these meetings, " noi passiamo : Roma resta eterna." To bring our future professors of Latin in colleges, and teachers of Latin in schools, under the power of this spell, and so to make them better professors and teachers, and the study of Latin a more human and civilizing study, is one of the main aims of the School in Rome.
It remained for our students, on their return from Greece, to see Pompeii and the Museum of Naples, methodically and intelligently. This calls for the best expert guidance. The School was so fortunate as to make an arrangement with Dr. August Mau, the well-known editor of Overbeck's Pompeii, and undoubtedly the first expert in the field. Toward the end of May, he met our students, together with several students from the Greek School, and spent seven afternoons with them in Pompeii, and three days in the Museum of Naples. The specific plan of work was that each student, with Dr. Mau's Guide to Pompeii in hand, should each morning prepare him- self by going over an assigned route ; after which Dr. Mau was to accompany the party in the afternoon, and, assuming an acquaintance with all that is said in the Guide, devote himself to more advanced and detailed discussion. The advantage to our students of doing this work under the best possible guid- ance will be appreciated by the Managing Committee in America, as it was by the students themselves. It is to be hoped, too, that the arrangements which have been made
32 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
this year with Dr. Mau, Professor Stevenson, and Professor Marucchi, may be continued from year to year, and become a regular part of our work. The course given by Professor Marucchi, indeed, might profitably be doubled in length, for the sake of students who may be specializing in Christian Archaeology.
The Regulations of the School provide for stated work only up to the first of June, but both Professor Frothingham and I recognized long beforehand that we could not leave Rome so early. His task at Norba would evidently not be completed so soon ; and it was also clear that I should need to remain to guide the students, upon their return, in the final stages of work in Rome, undertaken with a view to publication.
During the absence of the students in Greece I had two tasks in hand : first, the testing of work done by the four who had been studying manuscripts in the Vatican Library ; and, secondly, the collection of evidence, which I expected to find in certain early manuscripts, upon an interesting and peda- gogically important question of Latin pronunciation, — the division of consonants between syllables. I had long been convinced, with a very few other Latinists, of the urisoundness of the orthodox doctrine that, of a group of consonants between two vowels or diphthongs, as many consonants were pronounced with the following vowel or diphthong as can begin a Latin word (or a Latin word borrowed from the Greek) ; and it had long been clear that no intelligible system of quan- titative pronunciation could be laid down for teachers and students until this traditional doctrine should be driven out of our text-books. But I had not had time to put my views into print, or even to complete the evidence which I had begun to collect, from the occasional division of syllables by points in Roman inscriptions ; while one class of evidence, namely, the actual division in early manuscripts, was inaccessible to me upon any serious scale. In the course of my teaching in Rome, the practical work in Epigraphy had led to renewed interest in collecting the evidence of inscriptions ; and, on
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 33
the other hand, what fugitive time 1 had already been able to get for manuscript study in Rome had made it clear that, as I had long surmised from the study of the published specimen facsimiles of single sheets of various manuscripts, this im- portant evidence would also be against the prevailing doctrine. I therefore spent a considerable part of my time, during the absence of the students in Greece, in work upon early prose manuscripts. Since these were palimpsests and were generally in a bad condition, the work was slow and arduous, but it yielded the results which I had expected, and proved to be so important that I have arranged to have similar data obtained for me from a number of early manuscripts in various other libraries in Italy, France, Germany, and Austria. My paper on this subject, if acceptable, will be published in the Journal, and will be supplemented by a paper undertaken by Mr. Walter Dennison, on the division of syllables in inscriptions where words are divided at the end of the lines. If I am not mis- taken, the two papers together will constitute an authoritative and final settlement of the question. I presented a condensed statement of my conclusions, covering the whole ground, at the final meeting of the German Archaeological Institute,— the " Adunanza Solenne " of the year, held upon the traditional birthday of the City.
In addition to this work for the proposed paper, I was engaged, during the students' absence in Greece, in an exam- ination of the work which they had done upon manuscripts in the Vatican Library. Since this was their first attempt, it was necessary that the results should be minutely scruti- nized. I further desired to study the Vatican manuscripts of Catullus myself, in order to ascertain which were best worth collating. Of the modern editors of Catullus, — Ellis, Baehrens, Schulze, Schwabe, Haupt, Schmidt, Riese, Rostand and Benoist, Nigra, Giri, Postgate, Palmer, Owen, Merrill, and others, — none mentions ' the existence of any Vatican manuscript except the one known as V, which was collated by Umpfenbach, before 1867, for Professor Ellis's monumental
34 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
edition. In answer to a letter of inquiry, I was informed that Theodor Heyse, in the first edition (1855) of his CatuWs Buck der Lieder in deutscher Nachbilding, — an edition now little known, and at the moment inaccessible to me, — enumerates six more manuscripts of Catullus as existing in the Vatican.
Not understanding in advance the system of catalogues of the Vatican Library, which is in effect an accumulation of cat- alogues as they have been made from time to time during a long period, I began at one end of the catalogue shelf and went through to the other. In this way I found that there were in the Library, not seven, but twelve manuscripts of Catullus ; although a mistake in the catalogue number for a time baffled my attempts to get hold of the twelfth. Of the eleven on which I could lay my hands I made a long and careful com- parative test.
Before going farther in my account, it will be helpful if I make a brief statement of the present condition of the general problems of the text of Catullus.
There are some seventy-five manuscripts of Catullus in ex- istence. Of these, two have been universally recognized as of the first importance, — the Paris manuscript known as G, and the Bodleian manuscript at Oxford known as O. In addi- tion to these, a single poem is found in a ninth century collec- tion, known as T, in the National Library in Paris. All these manuscripts go back to the same ultimate source, and accord- ingly form but a single family. The Paris manuscript (G), according to a statement at the close, is generally believed to have been copied in the year 1375 in Verona ; and certain verses, likewise found at the close, show that the manuscript from which it was copied had been discovered in Verona, or discovered elsewhere and brought to Verona, somewhere in the first quarter of the century. That manuscript, which seems to have disappeared early, and which probably will never be seen again, is the source of all the manuscripts which have come down to us, with the exception of that of the ninth century mentioned above. The Oxford manuscript bears no
FIRST ANNUAL BEPORT, 1895-96 35
date, but is at least not much younger than the Paris manu- script. The Paris and Oxford manuscripts alone are supposed to be direct copies from the lost Verona manuscript, or but slightly removed from it. All the other manuscripts are copies of copies, and the great question with regard to them has been whether they were all derivable from one of the two principal manuscripts, or whether some of them were derived from still another copy or copies, since lost, of the lost Verona manuscript. In the latter case their evidence, after careful cross-examination and sifting, should be taken into account in reconstructing the text of this lost Verona manuscript, from which obviously all attempts to restore the extremely corrupt text of Catullus must proceed. Especial interest attaches to a manuscript in the Li- brary of St. Mark in Venice, and to a manuscript in Berlin known as D. The general opinion is that D, and a few manu- scripts of less importance closely related to it, represent an inde- pendent tradition of the lost Verona manuscript; as regards the St. Mark manuscript, opinions differ, some scholars holding that it is an excellent manuscript and represents a genuine inde- pendent tradition, others believing that it is simply a derivative of the Paris manuscript, into which a number of wild guesses of the scribe have been inserted. My hope, in setting our stu- dents to work upon the manuscripts in the Vatican, was that some further light might be shed on these problems. Even if the manuscripts proved to be in themselves distinctly inferior, they might possibly be put to service as connecting links.
Making my tests, T found that six of them were late and poor. These six I afterwards put into the hands of Mr. Dixon, who obtained their readings in a number of critical passages, and will publish a brief paper upon them in the Journal, to the end that the whole subject of the Vatican manuscripts of Catul- lus may be left in a finished state by the conclusion of the year's work. The results, however, are not wholly negative, for in a general way the relations of these manuscripts can be made out. Moreover, — as I suspected at the time, and as I afterwards determined by a personal examination of the six British Museum
36 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
manuscripts from which Professor Ellis gives occasional cita- tions, — the six less important manuscripts in the Vatican are of equal value with these.
The four remaining manuscripts out of the eleven proved to be of such a character that, upon the return of the students from Greece, I had all four collated, — one by Dr. Burton (the manuscript, as it chanced, upon which he had been previously engaged), and the other three by Mr. William K. Denison, Mr. Tamblyn, and Mr. Holmes. These manuscripts seem to me to belong probably not below the second rank, and to promise to prove worthy of a place in any complete critical apparatus. Some of them present individual wildnesses, but this is also true of the Berlin manuscript D, and of the manuscript H in Hamburg, which are both cited in any con- siderable apparatus. Moreover, a good deal of interesting light is thrown by these new manuscripts upon the relation- ships of already known manuscripts to one another.
The twelfth manuscript, as implied above, did not appear when sent for, but in its stead, and under the number attached to it, came a manuscript of another author. Here, then, I was at the point at which undoubtedly Heyse had been before me ; for his book, of which I afterward obtained a copy, enumerates, I found, not seven Vatican manuscripts, but eleven, — two of them from the same collection — the Ottoboni, — to which the missing one belonged, so that he could not have seen their titles in the catalogue without seeing the title of the twelfth manu- script as well. It is pathetic to read his appendix, dated from Rome itself, and to know that, as he wrote it, there slumbered, on a shelf of a Library in which he had examined eleven manu- scripts of his favorite author, a twelfth which was greater than any and all of them. Heyse does not, however, even mention the existence of a twelfth title ; and it is possibly owing to this apparent completeness and actual incomplete- ness of his list that the twelfth manuscript has remained unknown until the present time. In my own case, the knowledge of the probable existence of an unknown docu-
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 37
ment, even among so many, roused the deepest interest. The chances were of course that it was of no value ; but there was also the possibility of the opposite. In addition, I had desired to be able to give a complete account of the Vatican manuscripts of Catullus when the results of our first year's work should be published. I therefore, after wasting some time in experimenting with variations upon the catalogue num- ber, asked to see the Ottoboni Inventorio, or catalogue by numbers, such as exists for each of the title-catalogues of the Library. Through the courtesy of the Prefect, these Inventori are now more easily accessible to scholars than formerly, but there never has Jbeen a time when a proper person could not obtain the privilege of consulting them. It required but a few minutes of running to and fro in the Ottoboni Inven- torio in the neighborhood of the hundred to which the num- ber in the title catalogue belonged to find the true number. The manuscript was brought me, and from the first glance I thought it probably was — as it afterward proved to be — a hitherto unknown manuscript of the same general class and of like value with the great manuscripts of Oxford and Paris. It would be premature to state the conclusions to which I find myself tending. It must suffice here merely to call attention to the obvious importance of this new light upon the problems of the criticism of Catullus. Moreover, we have in the Codex Romanus (R), as I have named the manuscript, not simply a third witness of credibility, — we have a third witness which is in some respects of greater competency than either of the others. The new manuscript is not only the most beautifully executed of the three, but it is actually the richest. Of the so-called double or triple readings (which have arisen in good part from the doubts of a scribe or scribes with regard to the actual reading of the text from which the copy was made), but few are found in the Oxford manuscript, ninety-three in the Paris manuscript, and a hundred and thirty-three in the new Roman manuscript.
As to the date of the Roman manuscript, the " 71 Carte 39,"
38 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
or "No. 71, 39 Sheets," at the top of the first page (see the accompanying facsimile, PLATE I), makes it morally certain that it once belonged to Coluccio Salutati, the noted humanist, a younger contemporary and friend of Petrarch, a great collector of manuscripts in the midst of his busy work as a Florentine magistrate, and the writer of three extant letters of the year 1374, asking for a copy of the Verona manuscript, or for the loan of the manuscript itself that he might have a copy made.
In a forthcoming number of the Journal, each of the six students of the School engaged in the study of the Vatican manuscripts of Catullus will have a short paper upon the par- ticular manuscript, or set of manuscripts, upon which he worked, and these will be followed by a combined collation of the five more important manuscripts, made up of the separate collations of Messrs. Burton, Denison, Holmes, Tamblyn, and myself.
I am glad to be able to announce also that, at my request and upon my representation of its importance, the authorities of the Vatican have consented to publish a facsimile of the newly found manuscript. This will appear at the same time with our collation of the Vatican manuscripts, and will contain a statement that the manuscript was discovered by the Director of the School, and that it is published at his request. The details of photographing, printing, binding, cost, etc., have been left in my hands. Although the work will be thoroughly well done, I have been able to arrange for a lower price than has yet been made for any such publication. It is proper for me to state that, in order to make the venture feasible from the publisher's point of view, I have personally engaged myself to take a certain number of copies for America. The School incurs no risk in the matter.
I desire to record my indebtedness also to the Council of the Vatican for permission to work ten additional days after the library was closed for the summer. The late discovery of the manuscript, and the need of devoting more or less atten- tion, while collating it, to the work of the six students who
FIRST ANNUAL EEPORT, 1895-96 39
were occupied with other manuscripts, kept me from finishing my collation before the first of July, and I should have been obliged to remain until the reopening of the library in October, if this special privilege, now rarely given, had not been granted.
In the Classical Review for July, 1896, I made a brief state- ment of my discovery ; and the kindness of Professor Lanciani brought me an invitation, which I gladly accepted, to present a paper on the subject before the Reale Accademia dei Lincei in Rome.
I may in this connection anticipate a part of my narrative by saying that the promise which I thought I divined in the new manuscript for the settlement of the question of the origin of the secondary manuscripts led me to desire a further knowledge of the more important of the latter than even Professor Ellis's apparatus gives ; and that I accordingly arranged to have com- plete collations made, during the summer vacation, of the two which are reported to be the oldest, A in Milan and B in Bologna, the one by Mr. Shipley and the other by Mr. Dixon. I myself spent four weeks of the vacation in Paris and Oxford, principally in the study of manuscripts and early editions of Catullus. The results of this work will be published later.
The number of meetings of the School held during the year for the presentation of papers was not large. The time at which individual work, in this mass of new subjects, begins to ripen, is the time at which it is plainly best for the students to go to Greece. Moreover, there is in Rome no such abun- dance of fresh archaeological material for study as exists in Greece ; and really independent work in Epigraphy, Palaeo- graphy, and the like, no matter how modest, can hardly be taken up at all near the beginning of the year. In the future, as we receive students who have already pursued introductory studies at home, this condition will of course be improved ; but in the five months that preceded the visit to Greece in the present year, only four papers were far enough advanced for presenta- tion at public meetings, one by Professor Frothingham on
40 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
Norba and the system of ancient roads in the neighborhood ; one by myself on syllabification in ancient Roman speech, especially as judged in the light of Epigraphy and Palaeo- graphy ; one by Mr. Walter Dennison on syllabification in the division of words at the end of lines in inscriptions, and the conclusions to be drawn from it ; and one by Mr. Shipley on the relations of the Vatican manuscript Reginensis 762 of Livy to the Paris manuscript P, as represented in Luchs's recent collation. After the return of the students, other papers were presented : one by myself on the newly found Codex Romanus of Catullus, another by Mr. Shipley describing the continua- tion of his studies on the manuscripts of Livy, and brief papers by Mr. Denison, Dr. Burton, Mr. Holmes, and Mr. Tamblyn upon the manuscripts of Catullus which they were collating and the probable respective affinities of these manu- scripts. The number of papers thus presented at meetings is respectable. But the year's work is not to be judged upon this basis, but upon the basis of the number and character of the pub- lished papers which result from it. Each regular student of the School will, I trust, present for publication in the Journal some contribution of real value, — a result for which I had not vent- ured in advance to hope, in our opening year, and from men who were all, with one exception, new to the work to be done.
The number of students who, as candidates for a certificate, completed the required ten months of study was ten. Of these, one, the Rev. Mr. Lowrie, was engaged with Christian Archaeology solely. The rest were students on the Pagan side, though a number of them took Professor Frothingham's lectures on Christian Archaeology, without doing outside work in the subject.
The number of special students, — students in attendance for a period between three months and ten, — was two. Of these Mr. D. F. Platt devoted himself to Classical Archaeology, and Mr. D. C. Branson to the History of Art, and especially to Italian Painting of the twelfth century.
The Regulations of the School prescribe a year of ten months
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 41
of work. One of our students remained in Rome to the end of this period. Another was called home somewhat early by serious illness in his family, but carried with him material for the con- tinuation of his special work. The rest, leaving Rome about July 1, spent the last six weeks of the school year in work in libraries or museums in Italy, France, England, or Germany.
Such is the record of the year. A dozen picked men, — a large number for a foreign school in Rome ; courses in Topo- graphy, Classical Archaeology, — both Pagan and Christian, — Epigraphy, Numismatics, and Palaeography; actual work at manuscripts in the Library of the Vatican ; two months in Greece, with excursions with Dorpfeld for seven out of the ten fully enrolled students ; and ten days in Pompeii and the Museum at Naples under Mau. What would not many men of the older generation have given in their day of unguided sight-seeing for such opportunities as these twelve young men have had !
We were able to extend a welcome, at various times during the year, to American scholars who were visiting Rome for pur- poses of serious work, and to put our Library at their disposal. Among these I may mention in particular Professor Fowler, of Western Reserve University, Professor Elmer, of Cornell University, Professor Mary E. Case, of Wells College, Pro- fessor Adeline B. Hawes, of Wellesley College, together with Professor G. D. Lord, of Dartmouth College, Mr. Heermance, Dr. Hoppin, Dr. Alice Walton, and Miss Reed, all of the School at Athens, who spent some time in Rome on their way to America. To these students of the sister School, as to the students of the School in Rome, the Government granted free admission to the national museums, excavations, and gal- leries in all parts of Italy.
Professor Ashmore, of Union University, availed himself of the privileges of the School for several months in the winter, and Mr. William Rankin, Fellow of Princeton University, and student of Italian Painting, especially of the fourteenth cen- turv, did the same in the two autumn months.
42 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN HOME
Our library was put at the service of President Taylor of Vassar College, who visited Rome twice in the year ; and we had the pleasure of his company, as well as that of Professor Case, on the trip to Ostia conducted by Professor Lanciani.
Professor Seligman, of Columbia University, a member of our Managing Committee, who spent several months of the winter in Rome, showed his interest in the School in many ways, — among others, by taking part in some of its excursions, and by contributing to the fund for the work at Beneventum. To his mediation is due the presentation to the School of a funerary cippus, by Mr. James Loeb of New York City. Miss Emma Brace of New York also left a token of her good will in the form of a second copy of Middleton's Ancient Rome.
A good beginning of a Library has been made. In addition to Mr. Morgan's gift of three thousand dollars, nearly seven hundred dollars were spent for books. I have also the pleasure of recording that, in answer to letters stating the founding of the School and its aims, contributions of publications were received from the following firms : — in America: Messrs. Ginn &Company, Messrs. Harper Brothers, Messrs. Leach, She well & Sanborn, the G. & C. Merriam Company, and the University Publishing Company ; in England : the Cambridge University Press, the Clarendon Press of Oxford, and Messrs. Macmillan & Com- pany of London. The Committee feel special satisfaction in recording these latter gifts, which testify to the cosmopolitan- ism of scholarship. In addition, we have to thank the Johns Hopkins University for the gift of a complete file of the American Journal of Philology, the American Philological Association for a complete set of its Transactions, and Mr. D. Nutt, of London, for a complete file of the Classical Review. For a subject-catalogue of this Library, as likewise for an author-catalogue not quite completed at the end of the year, the Committee is under obligation to Mr. Shipley. Its thanks are also due to Mr. Swearingen for a duplicate of the subject- catalogue, made and sent home for the use of the Director-
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 43
elect. It is intended, I may add, that the duplicate catalogue shall always be kept complete.
This closes the report of the work of the year. It re- mains only to speak of the former and the new home of the School.
By the invitation of the School of Architecture, we shared during this first year in the use of the Villa dell' Aurora, the beauty and cheer and comfort of which were a constant factor in our life. Our Executive Committee had expected that not only the School but also the Director would be housed in the villa. At its first meeting a sum of money had been appro- priated for furnishing the building. Later, Mr. McKim and Professor Ware concluded that the villa did not have room for a second family in addition to that of the Director of the School of Architecture, and I had given up all expectation of living there. On arriving in Rome, however, I not only expe- rienced great difficulty in finding suitable quarters, but I also found that, without any sacrifice on the part of the School, the spare space in the villa, though not adapted for housekeeping, could be made to serve. Further, I felt strongly that it would be for the best interests of our School if its Director should be so housed. In this way, whatever hospitality was exercised by the family of the Director would indirectly be exercised for the School, and the Director would himself be always at hand. I found Mr. Lord, the Director of the School of Architecture, to be most obliging in the matter. With his good will, I sent a telegram to the Acting Chairman of the School, asking him for his approval, and that of Mr. McKim, to the carrying out of the original plan, with the exception that I should myself meet the expense of furnishing. This approval was given. The arrangement proved advantageous. Indeed, I do not see how, if I had lived elsewhere, I could have managed the practical business, especially in the early months, of receiving and caring for books and school furniture, of directing work- men, and of contending, in company with Mr. Lord, against certain difficulties under which we labored.
44 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
As has been told in the reports of Professor Warren and Professor Smith above, the two fundamental ideas of integral connection with the proposed Academy, on the part of each School, and of a common fund for all the Schools, had been abandoned, before the May meeting of our Committee, by the leading promoters of the Academy. Immediately upon the receipt of the news, a telegram, signed by the Director and the Associate Director, was despatched to the Chairman, asking that authority be given them to secure a new home for the School, and mentioning that a charming villa, which had already been inspected, was at our service. The authority was granted, and the matter was put in charge of the Director and the Associate Director of the year, together with the Director for the next year, Professor Warren, who was to spend a short time in Rome in June. This committee, after inspecting several houses, chose the villa named in the telegram, — the Villa Cheremeteff, — a house at the corner of the Via Gaeta and the Via Palestro (Via Gaeta, No. 2),1 which had been leased by Mr. Waldo Story and furnished by him for his own use, but was afterwards sub-leased by him upon his return to the Palazzo Barberini. The building is furnished in admirable taste, and is in every way a suitable home for the school. It has English plumbing, and a furnace, — two excellent things that are by no means common in Rome. There is, for the present, sufficient room on the ground floor for the Library and working rooms of the School ; the Direc- tor's family has a dining-room on the same floor, removed from the rooms of the School by the hall, and, on the first floor, a drawing-room, a long gallery, and bed-rooms, beside bed-rooms and a large study on the second floor. If we should continue permanently to occupy the building, an addi- tional large room could be thrown across the front of the little garden. The situation of the house, though not central, is more convenient than that of our former home, since from the
1 The Committee is indebted to Hugh M. G. Garden, Esq., of Chicago, for the drawings for the accompanying cuts, made from the original Roman plans.
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96
45
46
AMERICAN SCHOOL IN BONE
Piazza del Termini, which is not far away, horse cars, soon to
be converted into electric cars, radiate to all parts of the city.
The ground is the highest in Rome, and excellently drained.
The quarter is largely occupied by the houses of ambassadors
and other people in public life.
My concluding work in Rome consisted in moving the
books and other property of the School to its new home. The furniture which we had had made at the beginning of the year was as simple as possible. It consisted of unstained pine shelves and tables, and would have been out of keeping with the new house. I had it remodelled, adding mouldings (for the designing of which we are under
Ha Paltitro.
FIGURE 2. VILLA CHEREMETEFF. PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR.
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96
47
FIGURE 3. VILLA CHEREMETEFF. PLAN OF SECOND FLOOR.
FIGURE 4. VILLA CHEREMETEFF. PLAN OF THIRD FLOOR.
48 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN HOME
obligation to Mr. Story), and a coat of stain of the same shade as the ordinary dark Italian furniture. New bookcases of the same pattern were also constructed and set in place. The conversion of the furniture is complete, and it is for the pres- ent entirely satisfactory.
The making of this furniture occupied so much time that it was not possible to move it in season to allow of arranging the books in their new places. The task of doing this was light- ened for the new Director, however, by the catalogue-system already mentioned, which assigned to each book a relative place through a subject number and an individual number written upon a label on its back.
Our relations with the outside world during the year which is now closed have been all that could have been asked, if allowance is made for the traditional policy of Italy with regard to affording opportunities to foreigners for original excavation. The attitude of the Government towards us has been completely friendly. The answer to the official notification of the establishment of the School, made by His Excellency the American Ambassador, immediately upon his return to Rome in October, was an offer of assistance in any way that might be possible. Our students were admitted without payment to the Government museums and excavations in Rome for the year, and later, when they came to travel, to all the Government museums and galleries in Italy. Similar kindness was shown us by Monsignor della Volpe, Maggiordomo of the Vatican, who admitted our students to the Papal museums and galleries for three months. I have already recorded, though I could not easily sufficiently express, our thanks for the kindness of Father Ehrle, Prefect of the Vatican Library, of Professor Melampo, Professor of Palaeography at the Vati- can, of Professor Marucchi, Curator of Egyptian Antiquities, and of Professor Stevenson, Curator of Coins. To this list I should add the name of Comm. Galli, Curator of the Vati- can galleries. The friendly spirit of the German Institute was shown in the admission of our students to Professor Hiil-
FIRST ANNUAL UEPORT, 1895-96 49
sen's lectures on Topography, in the regular invitation of our officers and students to each open meeting of the Institute, and in the opening to us of the Institute's very valuable library. To the same desire to extend a welcome to the new School was doubtless due the election of the writer as Corresponding Member of the German Archaeological Institute of Berlin, Rome, and Athens, after the Adunanza Solenne referred to above. The Pontifical Academy of Archaeology likewise sent us frequent invitations to its sessions. The British and American Archaeological Society, of which I became a member, though unable, through lack of time, to avail my- self largely of its privileges, opened its library to our officers, and sent our students tickets, through its Honorary Secretary, Mr. Lambe, to Professor Lanciani's lecture on the excavations at Nemi. The American Ambassador, the Honorable Wayne MacVeagh, and the American Consul-General, the Honorable Wallace S. Jones, deserve grateful mention. But any attempt to express our sense of our obligations in Rome would neces- sarily fail, since it could not take into account the constant kindness and uniformly cordial attitude shown us at every hand, in unofficial ways, by the heads of other Schools and their families and students, by Roman specialists, and by visiting scholars from England, France, and Germany, — among whom I cannot refrain from naming three, Professor Usener of Bonn, Professor Forster of Breslau, and Mr. W. M. Lindsay of Oxford.
In the midst of this general kindness and appreciation, however, the School has suffered, and for a while must continue to suffer, through a misjudgment in itself most natural. The public at large, not only in Rome but elsewhere, is unable to understand, just as it was at the time of the foundation of the School at Athens, why we appoint our officers of instruction annually. Professor Mommsen, for example, said to me last year in Rome that he could not think well of the system of constant change of Directors practised by the School at Athens in the past, and apparently to be practised by the School in
50 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
Rome. My answer was that I was glad to hear his condem- nation, that I might assure him that we ourselves thought as badly of the system as he did, and resorted to it only as an inevitable beginning, until we had money. "But," he answered, " you have so much money in America, and give it so freely for education." The first is true, the second is true, and the un- spoken inference ought surely to come true. The money which was raised for the three-year experiment will be exhausted at the end of the coming year; but it cannot be believed that the American public will suffer an institution to die that can so powerfully affect American education, and that has already earned its title to existence.
WM. GARDNER HALE, Chairman. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES
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REPORT OF THE ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR
1895-96
GENTLEMEN, — My work as Associate Director of the School was of two kinds, — instruction to the students and original investigation.
My weekly course of lectures on the archaeology of ancient Italy began with the study of the so-called "Pelasgic" cities, which are scattered through lower Etruria and Latium. In this connection I took the School on an excursion through some of the principal cities of the Volscian and Hernician leagues, such as Signia (Segni), Aletrium (Alatri), Ferentinum (Ferentino), and Verulae (Veroli). This trip was supple- mented by visits to the Volscian cities on the western side of the hills overlooking the Pontine Plain, the centre of study being Norba, where I carried on a survey during the three winter months. The other cities of this group which were visited were Cora (Cori), Setia (Sezza), Privernum (Piperno), Anxur (Terracina), and Circeii (S. Felice Circeo). In the last excursion I was accompanied only by Mr. Lowrie, but in the previous ones by almost the entire membership of the School. Our guide in the study of these groups of ancient cities was Fonteanive's Avanzi detti ciclopici nella provincia di Roma, a convenient if not an original book. In fact no book of any sort of a satisfactory nature has been written on these cities. The civilization represented by them is con- temporary with, if not earlier than, that of the Etruscans, and appears to be of a totally different origin. Its char- acter is similar to that of the Homeric age in Greek lands. A large number of archaeologists is awaiting with great interest any discoveries which may be made on these sites,
51
52 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
thinking that they may possibly solve the most important problems in the origin of Italian civilization. Thus far no excavations have revealed the position of a single necropolis, and we know only their works of colossal architecture and engineering, which surpass those of the Mycenaean age in Greece.
The other great section of pre-Roman civilization, the Etrus- can, was then taken up with Martha's L'Art Etrusque, and L 'ArchSoloc/ie Etrusque et Romaine as text-books. Especial attention was paid to the Etruscan museum outside of the Forta del Popolo — Museum of the Agro Romano — at the villa of Pope Julius. This museum, the arrangement of which is due to Comm. Barnabei and Count Cozza, is illustrated in the most systematic way in a series of articles published by its directors in the Monumenti Antichi. The museum itself furnishes the best instance of an Etruscan collection arranged on perfectly scientific principles, the contents of each tomb being kept separate and the tombs themselves being arranged in chrono- logical order, thus making it easy to follow the historic succes- sion of types and the transformation of culture. In order to supplement the study of the contents of the tombs, as repre- sented in this museum, by a study of the monuments them- selves, a visit was made with nearly all the students of the School to some of the principal sites of lower Etruria — Caere (Cervetri), Tarquinii (Corneto), Tuscania (Toscanella), and the rock-cut necropoleis near Viterbo. Many of the students also went to Veii. These sites were selected as complementary to one another. At Caere we were able to study the best exam- ples of large and architectural interiors of tombs ; at Tarquinii, the finest painted interiors ; at Castel d' Asso and Norchia near Viterbo, the external form and decoration of the tombs, which often reproduced types of the temple and of the Greek and Etruscan house with such an accuracy of detail, that these tombs form some of the best material for a future reconstruc- tion in ground-plan and elevation of the Homeric and post- Homeric house.
In connection with their study of Faliscan antiquities, and
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 53
in order to give them some practical experience of the manner in which excavations are carried on in Etruscan necropoleis, I took some of the students to Narce, not far south of Falerii, where some excavations were being carried on which were of unusual importance for the early civilization of Etruria, between the tenth and the seventh centuries B.C. Here we were present at the opening of a number of primitive well-tombs and trench- tombs, of the archaic period, the contents of which had never been disturbed.
When the students joined Dr. Hiilsen's course in Roman topography, they were obliged to give their entire time to this work, and my classes were discontinued. When I resumed my lectures at the beginning of January, I thought it best to have a course of weekly meetings on Greek sculpture and architecture, in view of their trip to Greece and Sicily in the spring. Greek Archaic Sculpture was principally studied, with the first volume of Collignon's ffistoire de la Sculpture Grrecque as the text-book. I laid emphasis on the early period of sculpt- ure, since this is the one which can be best studied in the Greek museums and in the recent excavations at Delphi. At a num- ber of the meetings papers were read by the students on the various schools of sculpture. At the beginning of this course, and as a part of it, it was arranged to have Dr. Wald stein give a lecture on archaic and archaistic sculpture at the Museum of the Conservatori at the Capitol, illustrating it with the monu- ments of the museum itself.
A weekly course of lectures on Early Christian and Mediaeval Art was given by me during part of the session, illustrated largely, of course, by the monuments of Rome, which were sup- plemented by those of the rest of Italy. In connection with the lectures on the primitive period of Christian Art I arranged for three visits to the catacombs of St. Callixtus, St. Priscilla, and St. Praetextatus, under the direction of Professor Marucchi. The lectures given by him in these catacombs were extremely thorough and interesting and were attended by the entire School. I took the School also to a number of the principal
54 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
basilicas of Rome, illustrating the development of architecture and church decoration from the time of Constantine to the thirteenth century. The history of fresco painting, of mosaic painting, of illumination, and of the different branches of sculpture, large and small, during the same period were also briefly sketched and illustrated, principally with the aid of Garrucci's Storia deW Arte Oristiana. During our various Pelasgic and Etruscan excursions we were also able to study a number of important mediaeval monuments, espe- cially at Corneto, Toscanella, Viterbo, Casamari, Ferentino, and Alatri.
The most difficult question which we were obliged to solve during this first season on behalf of the School was the possi- bility of carrying on excavations. Without being positive in the matter, I had hoped that we should not find an invincible opposition on the part of the Italian Ministry toward our accom- plishing something in this important department of work. I found, however, that Professor Barnabei, who is at the head of the department of excavations at the Ministry of Public Instruction, was at this time opposed in principle to allowing the School, as a foreign institution, to undertake any work of original and independent excavation. This attitude prevented me, as will be seen, from making at Norba anything more than a complete survey of the remains above ground.
In addition I thought it best, with the consent of Professor Hale, to select for the School's study a second monument of a character differing widely from that of Norba : the triumphal Arch of Trajan at Beneventum, — the one representing the Roman and the other the pre-Roman period, and both being regarded as the best-known examples of their class.
The Arch of Trajan at Beneventum (PLATE II) was erected at the beginning of the Via Traiana, which leads from Bene- ventum to Brundisium, and was built by Trajan at his own expense. In the year 115 A.D., while the Emperor was still in the East, and after the completion of the road, the arch was dedicated to him by the Senate, perhaps in anticipation of his
FIRST ANNUAL BEPORT, 1895-96 55
return to Rome through Beneventum. This arch is important for various reasons. Historically it is the second of the great sculptured arches still in existence in Italy, that of Titus in Rome, which it resembles in its proportions, alone being earlier. But the Arch of Titus is of great simplicity, — its only sculptures in relief being part of a frieze, some Victories, an Apotheosis of the Emperor, and the two famous reliefs under the arch, which correspond exactly in size to the two similar reliefs in the Arch of Trajan. In the wealth of its sculptures, the arch at Bene- ventum is approached only by the Arch of Constantine in Rome, where, however, we have no homogeneous work as at Beneven- tum, but a combination of fine, low reliefs from a destroyed arch of Trajan with degraded sculptures of Constantine's own time. In its long, triumphal frieze, encircling the entire monument, in the high relief and complicated composition of its sculptures, the Beneventum arch is unique. Add to this the idealism of many of the types, the wonderful portraiture in others, and the artistic perfection of the composition, and we cannot help regarding the reliefs of the Beneventum arch as the foremost works of Roman sculpture. The reign of Trajan, in which Greek idealism and Roman power of portraying character harmoniously met, seems to be, in fact, the high-water mark of Roman sculpture. Until a few years ago the arch of Bene- ventum was almost unknown ; lately it had been examined by the local inspector of monuments, Meomartini, and by the Secretary of the German Institute in Rome, Professor Petersen. It had not, however, been adequately photographed, nor had moulds been taken of any of its sculptures.
With the approval of the Neapolitan section of the Office for the Preservation of Monuments, the Ministry of Public Instruction granted to our School the privilege of taking moulds of any part of the arch, with certain guarantees for the safety of the monument. On the advice of Dr. Petersen, the person selected to make the moulds and casts was Sig. Anni- bale Piernovelli, who was also highly recommended by a num- ber of the best sculptors in Italy, and had lately executed to
56
the satisfaction of the German Institute the moulds and casts of the Column of Marcus Aurelius in Rome.
I took Sig. Piernovelli with me to Beneventum to ascertain the amount of relief in the sculptures, so as to decide on the best method of moulding, and also on the amount of sculpture to be moulded in order to make the work complete, leaving out only duplicated, unessential, and badly injured parts. Not- withstanding the far higher relief of the arch and the increased expense of working at a distance from Rome, Sig. Piernovelli made exactly the same terms as for the Column of Marcus Aurelius. These terms were sixty-five lire per square metre for the first cast, including the cost of the temporary moulds, and twenty-five lire per square metre for all subsequent casts. To this should be added five hundred and eleven lire for the scaffolding, and further sums for transportation to Rome, and for the making of negatives and photographs on a large scale of all the details of the arch while the scaffolding was still in place. As the Ministry would not allow us to make permanent plaster moulds, for fear of damaging the monument, we made clay moulds from which two perfect copies alone could be taken, — one for ourselves, and one for the Italian Govern- ment, to which according to law we were obliged to give it. From our own copy we take the moulds for all other repro- ductions.
During the course of the work I visited Beneventum a number of times in order to take advantage of the unique opportunity to make a careful study of the arch from the levels of the scaffolding and to prepare the material for a publication of the sculptures. When the work was finished, it was found that the casts measured considerably more than had been anticipated. This was due to several causes. In the first place, Sig. Piernovelli had not taken account in his pre- liminary measurements, on which our first estimate was based, of two conditions : first, that, each relief being taken in a number of pieces, and each piece being cast so as to overlap the next for the sake of safety, the measurement of the bas-
FIEST ANNUAL IIEPOUT, 1895-96 57
relief on the original was increased considerably in the cast; second, that in most of the bas-reliefs there was a great deal of work in the round or in extremely high relief, which had to be reckoned not by straightaway measurement, but by fol- lowing the curved lines of the projecting parts, in order not to be unjust to the moulder. In the second place, after the scaf- folding was erected, and I was able to make a more detailed examination, I found it necessary to add to the list of reliefs to be moulded several which I had originally omitted and which on close examination I found to be among the finest sculptures of the arch. This was especially the case with the reclining figure of the river goddess, the bas-relief with the three divinities in the background, and the beautiful keystone of the arch.
When completed, our mouldings of the arch were the most extensive work of the sort ever made in Italy, with the possible exception of the casts of the Arch of Constantine and the Column of Trajan undertaken by Napoleon III. It was no easy matter to meet the heavy expense involved. Professor Warren had raised about six hundred and seventy- five dollars during the autumn and winter for the work of the School at Norba or on the arch. It seemed as if the expenses of the work at Norba and throughout the Volscian hills could be brought within the limit of the eight hundred dollars already available for that purpose, so that Professor Hale and I agreed that it would be advisable to devote to the arch the whole of the amount raised by Professor Warren. Mrs. Cyrus H. McCormick of Chicago and her son Mr. Stanley McCormick contributed two hundred and fifty dollars, Professor Willard Fiske of Florence, Mr. E. E. Ayer of Chicago, and Professor Seligman of Columbia University contributed one hundred dollars, fifty dollars, and twenty- five dollars respectively. These various amounts were to be used exclusively for the cost of the moulds. I also suc- ceeded in interesting persons connected with several institu- tions. Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson and Mr. Martin A. Ryerson
58 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
of Chicago, during their stay in Rome, promised to contribute, if necessary, seven hundred dollars, this sum to be divided between the cost of the moulds and casts of the sculptures for the Art Institute of Chicago. Dr. Pepper and Mrs. Steven- son, of Philadelphia, promised, for the Cast Committee of the University of Pennsylvania, to purchase casts to the amount of about four hundred dollars for its new museum. The gradu- ating class of the University of Michigan, through the influence of Professor Kelsey, offered four hundred and fifty dollars for a series of casts of the arch, as their gift to their Alma Mater. In this way large series of the casts will be on exhibition in Chicago, Philadelphia, and Ann Arbor. The original set is the property of the School. I have prepared an illustrated catalogue of all the casts, giving the price for the entire set and for single casts. As soon as this catalogue is put into circulation, the School will be able to furnish the casts to any institution or museum, either singly or in sets, and thus gradu- ally to obtain a steady income from this source. It may be a good investment for the School, for, owing to the lack of a similar series of casts of Roman monumental sculpture in the market, it is probable that there will be considerable demand for ours. No large collection of casts can afford to be without some specimens from the arch. However, it will soon become a question whether some arrangement should not be made to bring the original set of casts to this country.
The one hundred dollars voted by the Committee for the purpose almost sufficed to cover the cost of the series of large- sized photographs, which were made from the scaffolding by Sig. Lucchetti, the photographer of the German Institute. Each bas-relief was taken separately on a large plate.
At the close of the season it was found, that, on account of the additional expenses described above, the amount promised for the arch fell short by nearly one thousand dollars of meet- ing the cost. I remained in Rome until late in August, largely for the purpose of seeing the various sets of casts made and of providing for their packing. During this time, it was not
FIRST ANNUAL EEPOET, 1895-96 59
possible to take any steps toward making good the deficit. At the last moment, at the time of my return in the early autumn, it was cancelled by the generosity of Mrs. T. Harrison Garrett, who contributed one thousand dollars to the arch.
The subjects of the bas-reliefs on the arch are so selected, apparently, as to give a few of the characteristic events, exploits, and benefactions of the reign of Trajan up to the time of its erection. There are records of his^ victories over the Germans and Dacians, the erection of Dacia into a Roman province, and the triumphal entry into Rome after the second Dacian war. Other compositions are connected with his pacific triumphs ; for example, the representation of Trajan as Restitutor Italiae, as encouraging the arts of peace, as instituting the Alimentarii Pueri and Puellae, as opening a port, as presiding over the generous distribution of provisions called Congiarium. Groups of gods occur more than once, and those in the upper reliefs are the finest of all the figures (PLATE III). They are repre- sented as approving of the pacification of Dacia and presiding over it from afar ; as welcoming Trajan to the Capitol, them- selves invisible ; as being present at the making of treaties and the inauguration of public works. In them especially do we see Greek ideal types employed and we recognize the hand of the Greek artist.
It is to be hoped that the arch will form the subject of a publication by the School which shall reproduce all its details in a series of large photographic plates from our own negatives. Similar publications have already been begun in Germany for the Column of Trajan and for that of Marcus Aurelius, which have given occasion to a careful study of the campaigns of these emperors.
The work at Norba was rendered possible by the appropria- tion of three hundred dollars made for archaeological purposes by the Institute in 1895, by the use of the yearly subscription of two hundred and fifty dollars for archaeological purposes made, on behalf of the University of Pennsylvania, by Dr. William Pepper and Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, and by a
60 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
special appropriation of two hundred and fifty dollars to cover the estimated remainder of the cost.
The history of this work is not so simple as of that at Beneventum. I was led to select the site of Norba for two reasons. In the first place, Latium, although of great impor- tance in the history of ancient Italy, has never been carefully explored, nor have systematic excavations been carried on at any of its sites, so that it seemed as if the School might find in this province a field both fertile and uncultivated. In the second place, Norba would naturally be the starting-point for any such investigation. It is the only pre-Roman site with an uninterrupted circuit of walls and containing within these walls important public and private monuments built in the so-called " Pelasgic," Cyclopean, or polygonal style, with large irregular blocks of stone put together without mortar. I had wished for several years to study this city. It so happened that especial attention had been directed to Norba by Professor Lan- ciani, a few months before my arrival, and that a strong plea for the excavation of this and other cities of Latium had re- cently been made by the well-known archaeologists Gamurrini and Pigorini, who were of the opinion that here was the key to the origin and development of pre-Roman culture before the rise of Etruria. No practical steps had yet been taken, but the government archaeologists were ready to direct more attention to this region instead of confining themselves, as they had hitherto done, to the study of Etruria, although at the same time this group of official archaeologists was opposed to grant- ing that culture began its forward march in Latium earlier than in Etruria. It was therefore almost inevitable that the move made on the part of our School to occupy Norba would be watched with interest. It seemed to me that the best plan would be to begin by taking moral possession of the site by thorough studies of everything above ground, which could be done without special permission. When these were completed, including a survey-plan of all the monuments of the city and its neighborhood, as well as the ancient roads leading to it, I ex-
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 61
pected to present a report to the Ministry of Public Instruction detailing the work done and asking, in view of what was already accomplished, that I should be allowed to complete the plan of study of the city by an excavation. It seemed as if our position would be so strong that this request could hardly be refused.
In pursuance of the plan detailed above, I engaged in De- cember the services of a young architect and engineer, Sig. Guido Cirilli, who had already shown ability in the study of historic monuments. He began at once under my guidance to make a plan of all the constructions at Norba. This, of course, could not but be imperfect without the help of excava- tions, because a large part of many of the structures, and all the streets, were still covered with an accumulation of earth, and the form and relation of the various buildings thus remained imperfectly disclosed. Still, by sinking surveying poles, and by using other means within the law, many interesting dis- coveries were made, hidden walls and lines of streets were brought to light, and wells, cisterns, and underground passages were explored. At present we know exactly where excavations can best be made and how far it is necessary to go in order to reach the ancient level. Excavations would be extremely easy, because the accumulation of earth is very light, varying appar- ently from less than a foot to a maximum of about three feet.
The city walls enclose two hills, — the high one being the acropolis, the smaller one the sacred hill with two temples. Encircling the base of the two hills is a broad, flat space, largely artificial, and sustained on the slope toward the Pontine plain by a series of immense inner bastions. This terraced part is the principal quarter, — the upper city which contained the most important structures. Between the bastions and the outer city walls, toward the plain, is the lower city.
I was able to distinguish three manners in the internal structures, which appear to correspond to successive periods. Difficult though it may be to base any chronological conclusion on constructive methods, I believe that it can be proved from
62 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
this source alone that Norba cannot have been built later than the ninth century B.C. ; that the city was largely rebuilt in the first half of the sixth century, if not earlier, and that, after a decline, it had a temporary revival in the third or fourth century. Finally comes the tragic story of its destruction by the troops of Sulla in the year 82 B.C., when the inhabitants, who found themselves betrayed, set fire to the city, and the men died fighting and the women and children were burned: since this downfall it has never been inhabited, except that, like so many other abandoned sites, it was partly occupied by a Roman villa. In Pliny's time it was already famous as a ruin frequented by visitors of an antiquarian turn of mind. Since then the ruins have never been completely covered, but they were not studied, apparently, until 1829, when Gerhard, the learned Secretary of the German Institute, published, in the first volume of the Annali of the Institute, an article on Norba, illustrated with drawings by a German architect named Knapp. However interesting this article was, as calling attention to Norba, it was of no use in my study, because it did not rec- ognize any differences in style or period in any of the construc- tions, but described the city as if it had been built all in one period. The plan also, although fairly full, was most inaccu- rate in all its details and measurements, so that no account could be taken of it. The only other description of the ruins that has come to my knowledge is that in Fonteanive's Guide to the Polygonal Ruins of the Province of Rome ; but in the case of Norba the author does nothing but repeat Gerhard's article. The study of the plan of Norba confirmed me in my opinion that the cities of Latium represented an entirely distinct civ- ilization from the Etruscan. The arrangement of the Etruscan city, as is well known, is more or less rectangular, the religious consecration of the city involving its division into four quar- ters by two streets running at right angles, the Cardo and the Decumanus, at the intersection of which the priest stood at the time of the consecration. There is no trace of this funda- mental characteristic at Norba : the streets do not run at
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 63
right angles, the ground- plan, instead of being rectangular, approaching as closely to the circle as the conformation of the ground will allow. This curvilinear ground-plan and the irregular lines of streets are equally characteristic of the other cities of the Volscian League, and are also to be found in certain cities of Etruria whose foundation is attributed by tradition, not to the Etruscans, but to colonists of Greek descent. To those who object to giving so high an antiquity to Norba and the other cities of this region, one can urge not only the architectural evidence, but the fact that, among the few objects thus far found in tombs at Norba and Cora, noth- ing has come to light that can be attributed with certainty to a period later than 750 B.C.
Even if we are not permitted to carry on excavations, the results of our topographical study of Norba will be extremely interesting, because we have ascertained the general plan of the city, the lines of the paved streets with their raised side- walks, the system of furnishing each house with a well, con- structed like the Mycenaean tholoi and connected with an immense general cistern on the slope of the acropolis, the ground-plan of the various classes of public and private struct- ures, and the form and material of the roadways leading to the city. The illustrative material which we have prepared is very complete. The plan of Norba has been made so large as to give accurate measurements of every structure. A general cross-section gives the relation of the different parts of the city in elevation. There is a perspective view of one end of the city toward the plain, with the approaches, the road-bed, gate, walls, and temple hill ; many excellent water- color and pen-and-ink sketches of the walls, and separate sections and ground-plans of several of the structures, have also been prepared. More than fifty photographic negatives were made by Lucchetti and other photographers. All this material will be ample to illustrate whatever publication the School may wish to issue.
During the course of the preliminary work Comm. Barnabei
64 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN HOME
came up to Norba to see what was being done, bringing with him the entire government Archaeological Commission, in- cluding Cozza, Pasqui, Borsari, and others. They all expressed themselves as wonderfully impressed by the city and as very much pleased with the quality of the survey. This favorable impression was, I may say, confirmed after my presentation of the completed results at a meeting of the German Institute, when my report was said to be the most fully illustrated com- munication ever made to the Institute. At the time of their visit I entertained the Commission at dinner in the great cistern. At its close, Comm. Barnabei informed me that while there was no desire to seem obstructive, the Ministry wished to have complete monopoly of excavating the necropolis of Norba, to which he looked for the solution of many questions. He added, however, that if I should desire to make topographical excavations within the city, he should be pleased to see that permission was granted ; also, in case the Government should excavate the necropolis, I should be given free access to the excavations at all times, and should be allowed to make scientific use of the material discovered.
After this visit it seemed needless to adhere to my original plan of making a preliminary report to the Ministry before asking for permission to excavate, and relying on Comm. Barnabei's favorable attitude, Professor Hale and I made a joint request to be allowed to make topographical tasti ('probings') in Xorba. Before this request was presented Comm. Barnabei informed me, as a modification of his former offer, that I should be allowed to do this work only at the expense of the Ministry and under the supervision of one of its inspectors. The answer to our formal request, however, was a refusal ; the reason given being that no foreign school could be allowed to undertake such work, which came within the duties of the Government itself.
In order to find some compensation for this partial and perhaps only temporary check at Norba, I decided to extend operations to the other cities of the Volscian League. I thus
FIRST ANNUAL EEPORT, 1895-96 65
studied the sites of Cora, Setia, Privernum, Anxur-Terracina, and Circeii. I made, with the assistance of Sig. Cirilli, the plans of the first two of these cities, and hope that the Committee of the School will be in favor of completing the plans of the other cities, the comparative study of which is extremely interesting. The most important result of the explorations outside of Norba was the discovery of a network of ancient pre-Roman military roads, which join together all these cities of the Volscian league. Starting at Norba, where their lines are the clearest, I followed a series of roads leading from each of its gates and sometimes dividing into two or more branches at a certain distance from the city. We first surveyed all the roads in the immediate vicinity of Norba and made a careful study of their construction. The many lines of walls that had been noticed outside of the city along the side of the mountain had never been identified as sustaining walls of roads. They rise at certain points to a height of eight to twelve feet, and are in a rougher form of the same polygonal construction used in the city walls. Starting at the gate which led toward Cora, we were able to follow the road almost with- out interruption as far as ancient Cora itself. Its line of ramps winds down the Norba hillside in such a way as to give quite easy grades. The structure of the road-bed is of great solidity. It is always more than four metres in width and formed of superposed layers of stone, the larger unbroken stone being at the bottom and covered by layers continually decreas- ing in size until a sort of macadam roadway is reached at the surface. The structure is clearly visible at a point just out- side the gate, where a section of it is broken away. The road-bed has become almost as hard as concrete, and can be re- moved in sections without crumbling. As a general rule these roads are flanked by a double wall on each side, — a lower, retaining wall of considerable height (sometimes twelve feet high), and an upper wall of no considerable height, which is sometimes omitted, as it serves mainly to mark the limit of the road. As these roads are built usually on rocky ground
66 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
along the side of the steep mountain slope, it was necessary to provide against washouts. For this purpose protecting walls were built in lines parallel to the road, both above and below it, to prevent the carrying down of loose material and the undermining of the foundations of the road. There are sometimes as many as four such parallel lines of wall.
The roads which I discovered do not all belong to the same period. The earliest seem to date from the first great agri- cultural development of the Volscian cities during the eighth century B.C., at about the time of the foundation of Rome. This is probably the date of the earliest of the roads leading from Norba and especially of that communicating with Cora. These earliest roads never descend to the plain below, except when it is necessary to place the mountain-city in communica- tion with the cities of the plain, as is the case with the road leading from Norba across the upper corner of the Pontine plain in the direction of Satricum. The later among these groups of roads, those connecting Setia with Privernum and Privernum with Anxur-Terracina, more readily abandon the hillsides for the plain and approximate more closely to the plan of Roman roads of the period of the Claudian Via Appia.
In the immediate neighborhood of the cities, the roads are more carefully constructed and are bounded by walls approach- ing, in the carefulness of their construction, the quality of the city walls themselves. Their carefully constructed ascending ramps are sometimes broken up, at a short distance below the city, by small terraces with projecting bastions.
Along the line of the ancient roads we find series of interest- ing constructions of various kinds. About midway between each of two neighboring cities is in each case an esplanade of considerable size, fortified by a bastion and jutting out from the mountain road over the plain. Possibly these bastions were for the defence of the road and to protect the inhabitants of the neighboring pagi in case of sudden predatory incursions.
Other constructions, of a somewhat later date and belonging to the third, fourth, and even the fifth manner of polygonal
FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1895-96 67
masonry, are found in the neighborhood of the later roads along the plain. One of these groups discovered by Sig. Cirilli in the vicinity of Cora, near the road leading to Norba, has the appearance of a small settlement {pagus). And this was un- doubtedly the case with other groups of structures further south. These roads seem to be earlier than the fifth century B.C. or in a few cases belong at the latest to this century, and they differ from the earliest of the known Roman roads of the following century.
In carrying on this investigation, I made a preliminary survey, or rather a voyage of discovery, with Sig. Cirilli. After we had made out in detail the line from Cora to Norba we under- took the discovery of the roads leading from Norba to Setia, Privernum, and Anxur. This excursion took six days of tramp- ing over the mountain sides, in which we did not even follow the goat-paths. It was necessary to find and examine every stone which did not appear to be in its natural position, for the roads were so exposed that after more than two thousand years of disuse they were almost entirely washed away and we were continually losing track of their direction.
After the preliminary survey, I set two engineers, Sig. Cirilli and Sig. Corseri, at work with their surveying apparatus ; they used as a basis for their work the largest topographical maps of the Italian military staff, which I caused to be enlarged by draughtsmen. This was a long and tedious piece of work, requir- ing the greatest care. It was completed for the sections Norba- Cora and Norba-Setia. It remains for the Managing Committee to decide whether it shall be continued as far as Terracina.
During the course of this study I investigated the ancient sites. The most important results were the discovery of a large settlement or pagus at the foot of the mountain in the plain of Privernum, connected with a mountain road leading to Setia. I also became persuaded that the supposed site of the ancient Privernum in the plain below the present Piperno was occupied only after the Roman conquest, when the site was changed, and that the earlier pre-Roman city must be sought elsewhere.
Of far more importance was the study of the site of the
68 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN EOME
ancient Circeii on the promontory which was formerly the island of Circe. The extensive ruins which still remain there are very unusual in their grouping and arrangement ; and their character and relationship have been a matter of much dispute. I believe that the ancient city was built near the water's edge as a seaport — I traced part of its circuit — and that it was connected by an immense broad raised cause- way, unique in character, fortified by high walls, and lead- ing up to a citadel or acropolis which rose high above the city and outside of its limits upon the rocky hill at the southern extremity of the island. This acropolis, of rectangular form, has been usually supposed to be the city itself. The third element, in this group of three, is the primitive sanctuary of Circe, the famous temple rebuilt at various times, which crowns the summit of the highest peak on the promontory, toward the centre of the mountain. These ruins at Circeii were the first to attract, early in the century, the attention of the archaeologist Dodwell, who then started an investigation of this entire class of monuments that resulted in the craze for " Pelasgic " monuments which marked the first thirty years of this century. They are unique in character, and it is desirable that the School should have a survey made of them.
It seems to me that it is chiefly by such original work, under- taken each year, that our School can attain to a high position among similar institutions, and justify the money and energy employed in establishing it.
My wwk in the Volscian hills was continued well into the month of July. Sig. Piernovelli was then completing the copies of the casts of the Beneventum arch for American museums, after the original set from which they were to be taken had been brought from Beneventum to Rome. Supervision of this final part of the work and arrangements for the packing and shipping of the casts to America kept me in Rome until August 22, through nearly all the hot season.
ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, JR., Associate Director.
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY. SECOND SERIES VOL. I (1897) PLATE II
ARCH OF TRAJAN AT BENEVENTUM
AMERICAN JOTJRML oFARCH&Ebi.OG'SSECOND SERIES
FOUR DIVINITIES FROM ARCH OI^TRAJAN AT B E NE YENTUM .
American <Sc(jool of (Classical at
MANAGING COMMITTEE
1897-1898
Chairman PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D., of Yale University.
Secretary PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D., of Columbia University.
Treasurer MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., of Boston.
PROFESSOR CHARLES D. ADAMS, PH.D., of Dartmouth College. PROFESSOR H. M. BAIRD, D.D. , LL.D., of the University of the City of
New York.
PROFESSOR I. T. BECKWITH, PH.D., of Trinity College. Miss PROFESSOR A. C. CHAPIN, A.M., of Wellesley College. PROFESSOR EDWARD B. CLAPP, PH.D., of the University of California. PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, PH.D., LL.D., of the University of
Michigan.
* PROFESSOR HENRY DRISLER, LL.D., of Columbia University. PROFESSOR EDGAR A. EMENS, A.M., of Syracuse University. PROFESSOR ALFRED EMERSON, PH.D. (ex officio, as Professor of the School),
of Cornell University.
PROFESSOR O. M. FERNALD, A.M., of Williams College. PROFESSOR ABRAHAM L. FULLER, PH.D., of Adelbert College of West- ern Reserve University.
PROFESSOR HENRY GIBBONS, PH.D., of the University of Pennsylvania. PROFESSOR BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, PH.D., LL.D., of Johns Hopkins
University. PROFESSOR WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, PH.D., LL.D., D.C.L., of Harvard
University. PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D. (ex officio, as Chairman
of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome), of the University
of Chicago. PROFESSOR ALBERT HARKNESS, PH.D., LL.D., of Brown University.
* Died November 30, 1897. ix
X AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
PROFESSOR GEORGE E. HOWES, PH.D., of the University of Vermont.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. LAMBERTON, Lirr.D., of the University of Pennsylvania.
Miss PROFESSOR ABBY LEACH, A.M., of Vassar College.
MRS. PRESIDENT ELIZABETH S. MEAD, A.M., of Mt. Holyoke College.
PROFESSOR CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, Lixr.D., LL.D., of Harvard Uni- versity.
PROFESSOR BERNADOTTE PERRIN, PH.D., LL.D., of Yale University.
MR. FREDERIC J. DE PEYSTER, A.M., LL.B., of New York.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM CAREY POLAND, A.M., of Brown University.
PROFESSOR RUFUS B. RICHARDSON, PH.D. (ex officio, as Director of the School), of Athens.
PROFESSOR HERBERT WEIR SMYTH, PH.D., of Bryn Mawr College.
PROFESSOR J. R. SITLINGTON STERRETT, PH.D., of Amherst College.
PROFESSOR FRANK B. TARBELL, PH.D., of the University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR FITZ GERALD TISDALL, PH.D., of the College of the City of New York.
PROFESSOR JAMES C. VAN BEXSCHOTEN, LL.D., of Wesleyan University.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM R. WARE, LL.D., of Columbia University.
PROFESSOR BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER, PH.D., LL.D., of Cornell Uni- versity.
PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D. (ex officio, as President of the Institute) , of Harvard University.
PROFESSOR SAMUEL R. WINANS, PH.D., of Princeton University.
PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, A.M. (ex officio, as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Institute), of Harvard University.
American
of Classical Studies
in 3&ome
MANAGING COMMITTEE
1897-1898
Chairman
PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D., of the University of Chicago.
Secretary
PROFESSOR ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, JR., PH.D., of Princeton University.
Treasurer MR. C. C. CUTLER, A.B., of New York.
MRS. WILLIAM F. ALLEN, of Madison.
PROFESSOR SIDNEY G. ASHMORE, L.H.D., of Union College.
PROFESSOR G. E. BARBER, A.M., of the University of Nebraska.
PROFESSOR H. J. BARTON, A.M., of the University of Illinois.
PROFESSOR CHARLES E. BENNETT, A.B., of Cornell University.
MRS. EMMONS BLAINE, of Chicago.
PROFESSOR D. BONBRIGHT, LL.D., of Northwestern University.
MR. WILLIAM H. BUCKLER, of Baltimore.
PROFESSOR HENRY F. BURTON, A.M., of the University of Rochester.
PROFESSOR J. S. CLARK, A.B., of the University of Minnesota.
RT. REV. MGR. THOMAS J. CONATY, D.D., Rector of the Catholic Univer- sity of America.
MR. FREDERIC R. COUDERT, J.U.D., LL.D., of New York.
PROFESSOR W. L. COWLES, A.M., of Amherst College.
PROFESSOR A. N. CURRIER, LL.D., of the State University of Iowa.
HON. HORACE DAVIS, LL.D., of San Francisco.
PROFESSOR S. C. DERBY, A.M., of the State University of Ohio.
PROFESSOR JAMES H. DILLARD, LITT.D., of Tulane University.
RT. REV. WILLIAM C. DOANE, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of Albany.
PROFESSOR JAMES C. EGBERT, JR., of Columbia University.
MR. LOUIS R. EHRICH, of Colorado Springs.
PROFESSOR ALFRED EMERSON, PH.D., Professor in the American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
PROFESSOR HENRY P. EMERSON, A.M., of Buffalo.
His EMINENCE CARDINAL JAMES GIBBONS, of Baltimore.
MR. SAMUEL S. GREEN, A.M., of Worcester.
xi
xii AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
PROFESSOR ALBERT G. HARKNESS, A.M., of Brown University.
PROFESSOR SAMUEL HART, D.D., of Trinity College.
PROFESSOR G. L. HENDRICKSON, A.B., of the University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR JOHN H. HEWITT, LL.D., of Williams College.
RABIJI EMIL G. HIRSCH, PH.D., LL.D., of Chicago.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. HOUGHTON, A.M., of Bowdoin College.
MR. CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON, LL.D., of Chicago.
PROFESSOR GEORGE E. JACKSON, A.M., of Washington University.
PROFESSOR H. W. JOHNSTON, PH.D., of the University of Indiana.
PROFESSOR J. C. JONES, PH.D., of the University of Missouri.
RT. REV. J. J. KEANE, D.D., Archbishop of Damascus.
PROFESSOR FRANCIS W. KELSEY, PH.D., of the University of Michigan.
CHANCELLOR J. H. KIRKLAND, PH.D., of Vanderbilt University.,
HON. ERNEST B. KRUTTSCHNITT, A.M., of New Orleans, La.
COMMENDATORE PROFESSORS RODOLFO LANCIANI, of the University of Rome.
MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., of Boston.
* PROFESSOR GEORGE M. LANE, LL.D., of Harvard University.
REV. CHARLES STANLEY LESTER, D.D., of Milwaukee.
PROFESSOR T. B. LINDSAY, PH.D., of Boston University.
PROFESSOR GONZALEZ LODGE, PH.D., of Bryn Mawr College.
PROFESSOR JOHN K. LORD, PH.D., of Dartmouth College.
HON. WAYNE MACVEAGH, of Philadelphia.
PROFESSOR ALLAN MARQUAND, PH.D., L.H.D., of Princeton University.
PROFESSOR ELMER T. MERRILL, A.M., of Wesleyan University.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. MERRILL, PH.D., L.H.D., of the University of California.
PROFESSOR J. LEVERETT MOORE, PH.!)., of Vassar College.
REV. R. J. NEVIN, D.D., Rector of the American Church in Rome.
PROFESSOR RICHARD NORTON, A.B. (ex officio, as Professor of the School), of Bryn Mawr College.
RT. REV. MGR. O'CONNELL, Rector of the Collegio Americano in Rome.
PROFESSOR E. M. PEASE, PH.D., of Leland Stanford Jr. University.
PROFESSOR TRACY PECK, PH.D., of Yale University. .
DR. WILLIAM PEPPER, LL.D., of the University of Pennsylvania.
PROFESSOR W. E. PETERS, LL.D., of the University of Virginia.
PROFESSOR SAMUEL BALL PLATNER, PH.D., of Adelbert College of West- ern Reserve University.
PROFESSOR EDWIN POST, PH.D., of De Pauw University.
RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of New York.
HON. WILLIAM POTTER, of Chestnut Hill.
HON. STEPHEN SALISBURY,1 A.M., LL.B., of Worcester.
HON. J. G. SCHMIDLAPP, of Cincinnati.
PROFESSOR EDWIN R. SELIGMAN, LL.B., PH.D., of Columbia University.
PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D. (ex officio, as Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School at Athens), of Yale University.
PROFESSOR EDGAR S. SHUMWAY, PH.D., of Rutgers College.
PROFESSOR M. S. SLAUGHTER, PH.D., of the University of Wisconsin.
* Died June 30, 1897. 1 Resigned.
MANAGING COMMITTEE xiii
PROFESSOR FRANK SMALLEY, PH.D., of Syracuse University.
PROFESSOR CLEMENT L. SMITH, LL.D. (Director of the School), of Har- vard University.
PROFESSOR W. O. SPROULL, PH.D., LL.D., L.H.D., of the University of Cincinnati.
MR. GEORGE R. STETSON, of Washington.
MRS. CORNELIUS STEVENSON, Sc.D., of Philadelphia.
MR. WALDO STORY, A.M., of Rome.
PROFESSOR LEWIS STUART, A.M., of Lake Forest University.
REV. HENRY VAN DYKE, D.D., of New York.
COMMENDATORE PROFEssoRE ADOLFO VENTURI, Director-General of the National Galleries of Italy.
REV. MARVIN R. VINCENT, D.D., of the Union Theological Seminary.
PROFESSOR ARTHUR J. WALKER, A.M., of the University of Kansas.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM R. WARE, LL.D.,. of Columbia University.
PROFESSOR MINTON WARREN, PH.D., of Johns Hopkins University.
HON. H. B. WENZEL, A.B., LL.B., of St. Paul.
PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D., of Columbia University.
PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D. (ex offic.io, as Presi- dent of the Institute), of Harvard University.
VICE-CHANCELLOR B. L. WIGGINS, A.M., of the University of the South.
PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, A.M. (ex officio, as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Institute), of Harvard University.
^rrfjaeological Institute of America
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUN- CIL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
[PLATES IV-VIII]
To the Members of the Institute :
The Council of the Institute, at a special meeting held in New York on January 30, 1897, received, and reluctantly accepted, the resignation of its President. Mr. Low had indi- cated at previous meetings his desire to relinquish his office as President, for reasons whose force appealed to the Council ; but it had been loath to deprive the Institute of his great ser- vices. At its annual meeting, held in New York on May 8, 1897, the Council entered upon its minutes the following vote :
"In accepting the resignation by President Low of the office of President of the Archaeological Institute of America, the Council desires to place upon its records the expression of its deep regret that he should find it necessary to leave the position which he has filled with great distinction for the past seven years, and, also, of its warm appreciation of the value and importance of the services which he has rendered to the Institute during this term.
" It recognizes gratefully the fidelity and ability with which, while bur- dened with other high official duties, he has conducted the affairs and pro- moted the interests of the Institute, and, as a token of its estimate of the worth of his work in behalf of the Institute, it requests him to allow his name to stand upon the list of the officers of the Institute as one of its Honorary Presidents.
"Resolved, That the Secretary be instructed to send a copy of this Minute to President Low."
At the annual meeting the Council also requested Professor C. E. Norton, the founder and first President of the Institute,
American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 69
Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. I (1897), No. 2.
70 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
to accept the office of Honorary President, an office which it had just created. The services of Professor Norton and Presi- dent Low embrace a period of eighteen years. The former presided over the work of the Institute from its foundation in 1879 to 1889; the latter, from 1890 to 1896. These gentlemen, by long and distinguished service, have won the right to be released from active duty ; but the Institute is still assured, by their acceptance of the newly created office, of their continued interest in its work, arid it will still be able to avail itself of their counsel and advice on all questions of large importance.
At the meeting held on January 30, the Council received also Mr. W. H. H. Beebe's resignation of the offices of Record- ing Secretary and Treasurer of the Institute. At the request of the Council, however, Mr. Beebe consented to continue to perform the duties of these offices until his successor should be chosen at the annual meeting. At that meeting, by formal vote, the Council expressed to him its thanks for the fidelity and efficiency of his discharge of the offices which he had held during the previous seven years.
The thanks of the Council were subsequently officially ex- pressed to the Trustees of Columbia University for their cour- tesy in putting at the disposal of the Council and of the Managing Committees of the Schools at Athens and in Rome, for many years, the use of their room in Columbia University.
The Council has the honor to lay before the members of the Institute the second volume in the Classical Series of the Papers of the Institute, Mr. Joseph Thacher Clarke's Report on the Investigations at Assos in 1882 and 1883, with an Ap- pendix on the Relations of Modern to Ancient Life. The first volume in this Series was Mr. Clarke's Report on the Investi- gations at Assos in 1881. The work of the expedition to Assos, the first exploration and excavation of a classical site undertaken by the Institute, was finished in 1883, and Mr. Clarke at once began the preparation of his final Report. He intended that this should be a complete account of the results achieved by the expedition, and the present volume amply
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL, 1896-97 71
shows with what skill and thoroughness he had planned his Report. But circumstances beyond his control have prevented its completion, and the Council has finally determined to pub- lish so much of the Report as Mr. Clarke has been able to finish. It regrets that it is not able to lay before the members of the Institute a full account of the results of this noteworthy expedition, but it does not feel justified in longer withholding from students of classical antiquity so important a contribu- tion to knowledge. The facts thus briefly narrated are stated more fully in the sympathetic Introductory Note to the volume written by Professor Norton, the President of the Institute at the time of the expedition.
A considerable part of the cost of the printing of the volume has been defrayed by a gift for the purpose, made long since by the Boston Society of Architects, to whom the Council would again express grateful acknowledgment of its indebtedness.
The volume contains eighty-four cuts and plates, designed to illustrate the text, but these constitute only a small part of the illustrative material furnished by the staff of the expedi- tion, Mr. Clarke, Mr. Francis H. Bacon, and Mr. Robert Koldewey. The best mode of publication of the important drawings and photographs made during the excavations of 1881, 1882, and 1883, has often been the subject of careful con- sideration by the Council. This material has recently been edited by Mr. Bacon with great skill and patience, with the assistance of Mr. Koldewey, who came from Europe for the purpose in the autumn of 1896. Of this undertaking, rendered more difficult by the lapse of fourteen years since the drawings were made, Mr. Bacon writes :
"We have arranged the enormous mass of notes, drawings, etc., and have agreed on the way in which each should he published. My plan is to publish carefully and completely the exact 'facts' about Assos, with photographs and descriptive notes, eschewing theories and avoiding all discussion of historical questions. The book, therefore, will consist almost entirely of plans and illustrations. Mr. Millet, of the J. B. Millet Pub- lishing Company, has undertaken to publish and distribute the book, and he will issue a prospectus in the autumn of 1897. As now planned, the
72 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
book will consist of about 150 folio plates, with text on fly-leaves opposite, and will be issued in parts. For all this, the Institute undertakes no pecuniary obligation. My own interest in the matter is a desire to see published the principal work of my youth, and a feeling that the public will be interested in seeing how a provincial Greek city really looked."
The five plates appended to this Report, which of necessity have been reduced in size, illustrate the charm and scientific value of this publication (PLATES IV-VIII). Its cost, in folio, is unfortunately too great to be met directly by a subvention from the treasury of the Institute, but the Council will lend Mr. Bacon all the assistance within its power. The members of the Institute cannot but feel a lively and personal interest in the speedy issue of this important work. It will be sold by subscription, and the well-known ability of Mr. Millet gives assurance of its satisfactory publication. The Council within a short time will lay the prospectus before the members of the Institute, and will then more fully state the claims of the undertaking on their consideration.
The publication of the results of the excavations at the Ar- give Heraeum presents a similar problem. The first considera- tion of this problem belongs by right and duty to the Managing Committee of the School at Athens. The Institute contributed, it is true, to these excavations and their preliminary publica- tion the sum of $5750, but, following the settled policy which experience proves to be wise and which is now embodied in the Regulations of the Institute, the Council, while aiding the undertakings of the Schools so far as it is able, leaves their management to their respective Committees. The following Report was made to the Council at its last annual meeting by a committee consisting of Professor Ware, of Columbia Univer- sity, Professor Wright, of Harvard University, and Mr. Edward L. Tilton, of New York :
" At the meeting of the Managing Committee of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, on the 8th of May, 1896, the undersigned were appointed a committee to prepare and recommend to the Council of the Institute a scheme for the publication of the results of the excavations at Assos and at Argos. The excavations at Assos were undertaken directly
EIGHTEENTH A NN UA L HEP OR T OF CO UNCIL, 1896-97 1 3
by the Institute during the years 1881-83. The excavations at Argos were carried on through the medium of the School at Athens, during the years 1892-95.
" It is the opinion of the Managing Committee of the School that these undertakings, the earliest and the latest which the Institute has set on foot, and the most notable in magnitude and duration, and in the value of their results, should be published in similar form, as nearly simultaneously as possible, and in a shape suitable to their importance. In both cases a con- siderable number of plates of large size will be needed to exhibit adequately the results attained. This makes it imperative to issue a volume in folio. Smaller plates can of course be included, putting several subjects upon the same page. In both cases there will be, besides the drawings, a considerable number of photographic illustrations. It has been found that photographs made on a comparatively small scale can be enlarged in the printing to suit- able size without losing in clearness of definition.
" In both cases a brief descriptive text should accompany the plates. But if in either case a detailed description or comment is to be made, as would certainly be the case with the Argos Expedition, the Committee are of opinion that it should not be printed in folio, but should form a separate volume in octavo, so as to correspond with the other publications of the Institute and of the School, and with the Preliminary Report of the Assos Expedition printed in 1883. Text in folio is cumbrous and inaccessible, and though a somewhat larger page than that adopted by the Institute might, in some respects, be more convenient, it seems likely that more would be lost by lack of uniformity in the series than would be gained by increase in size.
" These volumes of text would be entirely, or almost entirely, without illustration, as the volumes of plates would be almost entirely without text. But this would not prevent the insertion of some of the smaller plates in the Journal of the Institute, as one-page or two-page illustrations, if it were found desirable.
" These two volumes of plates, with the accompanying text, would con- stitute a valuable contribution to archaeological science. They would be works which no important library could be without, and they should com- mand a considerable sale among architects and amateurs. We recommend that their publication should be undertaken by the Institute, by subscrip- tion or otherwise, and that the Committee on Publication should be re- quested to arrange for this."
At a meeting held on May 7, 1897, the Managing Committee of the School at Athens referred the question of the best mode of publication of the excavations at the Heraeum to its Execu- tive Committee ; the report just quoted is now in the hands of the Executive Committee of the Council. The two Committees will confer on the problems presented by the Heraeum pub-
74 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
lications, and hope for a satisfactory solution. The Report for 1897 of the Professor of Art at' the School at Athens (p. 117) shows that the descriptive letter-press is nearly ready. This will probably be published, in the main, in the Journal of the Institute in such form as to admit of its subsequent issue in a separate volume or volumes, if that seems desirable ; the publication of the folio plates presents a question of greater difficulty.
The Council has the pleasure of announcing also the pub- lication in the autumn of the present year of the sixth volume of the Papers of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. This is a beautifully illustrated volume of varied and interesting contents, of which the Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School gives an account in the present Re- port. The Council welcomes with peculiar satisfaction this additional evidence of the fruitful activity of the School. The School was founded by the Institute in 1881, but has been controlled and directed, with wisdom and success, by its own Committee. This handsome volume happily appears just at the time when the relations of the School to the Institute, which have always been harmonious, have been more clearly denned, and the bond that unites the two has been made closer.
In its Sixteenth Annual Report the Council recorded the conclusion of Professor Halbherr's explorations in Crete in 1893-94, and announced the publication of their results in the American Journal of Archaeology, First Series. After long delay, for which Professor Halbherr is not responsible, the promise then made is now about to be fulfilled. Two articles written by Professor Halbherr, entitled,
Inscriptions from Various Cretan Cities; Christian Inscriptions, —
will be published, with an Introductory Paper, in the fourth number of the eleventh volume of the Journal, which is now in press and will be issued immediately.
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL, 1896-97 75
Six other papers continue the series, entitled,
Epigraphical Researches in Gortyna, by Professor Halbherr; Some Cretan Sculptures in the Museum of the Syllogos at Candia,
by Professor Halbherr; Note on a Mycenaean Vase and on some Geometric Vases of the
Syllogos of Candia, by Signor Orsi; Some Roman Busts in the Museum of the Syllogos of Candia, by
Signor Mariani;
Statue of an Asclepiad from Gortyna, by Signor Mariani ; The Prehistoric Grotto of Miamu, by Signor Taramelli.
These six articles are now in type, and their immediate publi- cation in the Journal of the Institute {American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series) is announced. The Council is indebted to Professor Herbert Weir Smyth, of Bryn Mawr College, for valuable aid in preparing these papers for publi- cation in English.
Under date of October 7, 1897, Professor Halbherr writes that other articles — with the titles,
Topographical Researches within the Asclepieum at Lebena, by Pro- fessor Halbherr and Signor Taramelli ;
The Acropolis of Gortyna, by Signor Taramelli;
Excavations and Researches in the Mycenaean Cemeteries of Erganos, Courtes, and Haghios Ilias, by Professor Halbherr;
Antiquities discovered at Prinias and Haghios Ilias, —
will be sent to the editors of the Journal early in 1898. The titles of these articles are provisional ; the illustrations, both plates and cuts within the text, are ready.
Additional articles, which will complete the entire series, will be prepared in the course of 1898.
When the American Journal of Archaeology was founded, with Professor Charles Eliot Norton, of Harvard University, as Advisory Editor and Dr. A. L. Frothingham, Jr., then of Johns Hopkins University, as Managing Editor, the following announcement was made in the advertisement prefixed to the first volume, published in 1885: "The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts is the official
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organ of the Archaeological Institute of America, and will aim to further the interests for which the Institute was founded." Since 1885, beginning in the year when the first volume of the Journal was published, the Council has made contributions annually to its support ; since July 1, 1893, this yearly sub- vention has been $1600.
The publications of the Institute have consisted of Annual Reports of the Council, volumes of Papers in the Classical Series, volumes of Papers in the American Series, Bulletins, and Reports; those of the School at Athens, of Annual Reports of the Managing Committee, volumes of Papers, Bulletins, and Reports. Since 1888 monographs written by officers or students of the School at Athens, consisting chiefly of reports of excavations, have first appeared in the American Journal of Archaeology, First Series, and have subsequently been in- cluded in volumes of Papers of the School (volumes V and VI). Other monographs written by members of the Institute have occasionally appeared in the Journal, and some of these have subsequently been reissued separately and included among the publications of the Institute. (See Appendix, pp. 105 ff.)
This plan, which was gradually adopted, and was at first adequate, proved in time to be unsatisfactory. It separated scientific material that should have been kept together, and was unnecessarily expensive. The establishment of the School of Classical Studies in Rome, with its immediate need of a vehicle for publishing its work, brought under consideration the question of the best mode of publication of the work of the Institute as a whole, and at its meeting on January 30 the Council, on the recommendation of the Executive Committees of the two Schools of Classical Studies, determined to begin immediately the uniform and regular publication of its Papers, Reports, and other documents. This action was subsequently confirmed at its annual meeting.
The new periodical which is to contain these issues will be styled, THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES : THE JOURNAL OF THE. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL, 1896-97 77
OF AMERICA. It will be conducted by an Editorial Board, the members of which will represent the several interests of the Institute and the institutions in its care. The Board con- sists of an Editor-in-Chief, chosen by the Council, two edi- tors, chosen respectively by the Managing Committees of the Schools of Classical Studies at Athens and in Rome, and a fourth editor, chosen by the Council, together with the Presi- dent of the Institute, and the Chairmen of the Managing Committees of the Schools at Athens and in Rome, as honorary members. By an arrangement made between the Council and the American Journal of Archaeology, First Series, the new periodical replaces and succeeds the Journal, which after the completion of its eleventh volume (1896) makes over its copy- right, subscription list, and exchanges.
The American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series, will be issued six times a year. It will contain :
I. Archaeological Papers of the Institute in the fields of Ameri- can, Christian, Classical, and Oriental Archaeology ; Papers of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens ; Papers of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome.
II. Proceedings of the Institute; Summaries of Archaeological News and Discussions; Classified Bibliography of Current Archaeological Literature ; Correspondence ; Notes and Notices.
III. Reports of the Institute, including those of the Council, of the Managing Committees of the Schools of Classical Stud- ies at Athens and in Rome, and of other Committees of the Institute.
IV. Bulletins (separately paged) containing material in general supplementary to that of the Reports.
The Journal will be published — in America and Europe — by The Macmillan Company (66, Fifth Avenue, New York), who will receive subscriptions, and will keep on sale the sev- eral numbers of the Journal.
The Macmillan Company will have on sale also all former publications of the Institute, except such as are out of print.
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Members of the Institute, by a Regulation of the Institute, are entitled to receive the Journal without charge, and copies of every number will be sent to them regularly.
The Council believes that the plan adopted will prove to be a satisfactory solution of pressing difficulties. The Institute thus acquires a means for the regular and orderly issue of all its publications, except special works of unusual size and cost ; the close connection of the Schools with the Institute is made apparent ; the cost of publication is greatly diminished. The desirable result last mentioned will be accomplished partly by the concentration of Reports, as in the present number, partly by the issue of all publications through a single firm. The Journal will be supported by an annual fund derived from subscriptions and advertisements, and from contributions made by the Institute and by the Schools. In the hands of the gen- tlemen who have consented to serve as the Editorial Board, Professor John H. Wright, of Harvard University, Professor James R. Wheeler, of Columbia University, Professor Allan Marquand, of Princeton University, and Professor Harold N. Fowler, of Western Reserve University, the Journal is certain to maintain a high standard of scientific and literary excellence.
The Council is able to announce the early publication of the six numbers of the Journal of the Institute for 1897. The first number, containing the First Annual Report (1895-96) of the School in Rome, has already been issued. An entire number has been devoted to the interesting account, there given, of the founding of the School and of its work during the first year ; the Second Annual Report of the School is made a part of the present issue, and its subsequent Reports will in like manner be published in the same number with those of the Council and of the School at Athens. The material for the third and fourth numbers of the Journal, to contain papers by Professor Halbherr and others on the explorations in Crete (see p. 75), is already in type. Copy for the remaining numbers is in the hands of the editors, and will be sent to press immediately. The transfer of the American Journal of Archaeology, First Series, was not
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL, 1896-97 79
finally effected until May ; the selection of a publisher and the drawing of the contract necessarily preceded the publication of any number ; the determination of the typographical form of the Journal involved many delicate and difficult questions of detail. In view of these facts, it is not surprising that the numbers of the Journal for 1897 should all appear at about the same time near the close of the year. In 1898 and there- after they will be issued regularly at intervals of two months, unless difficulties now unforeseen occur.
The Institute possesses a large stock of previous publications, which was transferred to The Macmillan Company at the time of the signing of the contract. This stock is safely stored and has been insured. The plates of previous publications are in the keeping of the University Press, at Cambridge, and of the Norwood Press, at Norwood.
In February, 1897, the President received an announcement that the French School at Athens would celebrate in April the fiftieth anniversary of its foundation, and that this noteworthy jubilee, which would be signalized by the presence of learned men from all parts of the world, would be made the occasion of an International Congress of Classical Archaeologists, that might be organized as a permanent association. The Com- mittee in charge of this first meeting comprised the Rector of the University at Athens, the Ephor General of Antiquities in Greece, and the Directors or Secretaries of the five foreign Schools of Archaeology in Athens. This Committee expressed the hope that each nation might be represented at the Congress by its own orator, and the Council unanimously requested Professor Allan Marquand, then a professor at the American School in Rome, to serve as the representative of the United States. In consequence of the grievous political troubles through which Greece was then passing, the Congress was deferred. The Council subsequently invited Professor Frank B. Tarbell, of the University of Chicago, who was Annual Director of the School at Athens in 1888-89, and its chief executive officer in 1892-93, and purposed to be again in
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Greece in the latter part of 1897, to act as the official repre- sentative of this country, if the Congress, as was proposed, should convene in the autumn.
The excavations at Corinth were resumed by the Director of the School at Athens on April 14, 1897, but, for reasons given in his Report (p. 110), were suspended after a week's work. The Council had previously issued an appeal for funds, which outlined the plan of future excavations, and it received in response the sum of $ 1060. This sum was not drawn upon, and remains on deposit, at interest, with the Treasurer of the School. It will be available for excavations in 1898. The Council desires to express to Mr. and Mrs. J. Montgomery Sears, Miss Helen Griggs, Mr. James Loeb, and Professor Sidney G. Ashmore, its grateful acknowledgment of their prompt response to its appeal. No other excavations or explo- rations were undertaken by the Institute during the year.
The Council herewith submits the Reports for 1896—97 of the Chairmen of the Managing Committees of the Schools at Athens and in Rome, and the Reports made to these Committees for the same period by the Directors and Professors of the Schools. The various Annual Reports are now combined in a single number and published simultaneously. To these Reports are appended lists of names and addresses of persons composing the various bodies comprised in the Institute, the Regulations of the Institute and of the Schools, the Rules of the Affiliated Societies, financial statements, and other matter deemed to be of interest to the members of the Institute and patrons of the Schools.
The School at Athens, under the steady, sagacious, and ener- getic management of the Chairman of its Committee, pursues its even way, strengthening its claims on the confidence of the public, and yearly giving fresh evidence of its vigorous and useful activity. The narrative of its work in the field of excavation between 1886 and 1896, as given in the Report of its Managing Committee, presents a striking record of impor- tant contributions to knowledge of the antiquities of Greece ;
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL, 1896-97 81
and the long list of the students who have been trained at the School and have returned to America to assume, many of them, positions of distinction, is indicative of its service to classical scholarship in America.
The establishment of the School in Rome in 1895-96 was an event of signal importance. It was founded with a comprehen- sive purpose ; it seems destined to be a powerful influence in the development of the higher education in the United States. An interesting account of its establishment is given in the first number of the Journal for 1897 by the Chairman of its Manag- ing Committee, who, as Chairman of the Committee and Director of the School during its first trying year, met the difficulties and perplexities that were inevitable to its inception with courage, energy, and wisdom. The scholarly activity and scientific achievements of the officers and students of the School during the brief period that has elapsed since its foundation, as recorded in the Reports for 1895-96 and 1896—97, are the best guarantee of its future usefulness, and should bring a quick response to the appeal of its Managing Committee for aid.
The establishment of an American School for Oriental Study and Research in Palestine, the main object of which should be to enable properly qualified persons to prosecute Biblical, lin- guistic, archaeological, historical, and other kindred studies and researches under more favorable circumstances than can be secured at a distance from the Holy Land, was suggested by the President of the Society of Biblical Literature and Exe- gesis in his annual address given at Hartford in June, 1895. His suggestion was adopted by the Society and a Committee, consisting of Professor J. Henry Thayer, Professor Theodore F. Wright, and Professor H. G. Mitchell, was appointed to formulate the proposal. A circular, which stated the object of the School and the plan for its establishment, was subsequently issued and widely distributed. In response to this circular eleven institutions and individuals pledged each one hundred dollars a year for five years to the support of the proposed School. The American Oriental Society expressed its warm
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approval of the enterprise, believing that the existence of such a School would give a new impulse to Biblical and Oriental scholarship. The subscriptions, however, that had been pledged did not seem sufficient to warrant immediate action.
The purpose and plan of the School for Oriental Study and Research in Palestine were laid before the Council of the Insti- tute at its last annual meeting by its President. The project for the establishment of the School was strongly commended, and in the hope that the Institute might be able to render it substantial aid at a critical time, the Council voted to appoint a committee of two to confer with the Committee in charge of the proposed School on the feasibility of its assuming a similar relation to the Institute to that held by the Schools at Athens and in Rome. The Committee in charge of the School promptly accepted the proposal for a conference, and the Council hope to be able to report at a later time that some safe plan has been devised for the establishment of the School.
The Council has viewed with serious concern the facts relating to the membership of the Institute published in its last Report, by which it appears that the total number of members, which was 411 in 1886-87 and had risen to 783 in 1890-91, had shrunk to 645 in 1895-96. The decrease in membership was doubtless due in part to the financial depression that had prevailed throughout the country, but the main cause is believed to have been the want of proper organization. Nor is it surprising that the form of organization which was ade- quate in 1884, when the members of the Institute numbered only a few more than 200 and there were only three Affiliated Societies, not more widely separated than Boston, New York, and Baltimore, should not suffice in 1895-96, when the mem- bership had been tripled, and the Affiliated Societies numbered eleven, and were situated in places often remote one from the other. It was obvious that the relations of the Affiliated So- cieties to the governing body of the Institute were not so close as they should be. At its meeting on January 30, therefore, the Council authorized the appointment, by the President, of a
EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL, .1896-97 83
special Advisory Committee, to consider recommendations sub- mitted by the President or any other member of the Council, and to report to the Council, at its annual meeting in May, on the condition of the Institute and to submit proposals for its future administration.
Professor Norton, President Low, and Professors Ware, Sey- mour, and Hale, who had all been closely identified with the work of the Institute in the past, consented to serve on this committee. The President, though not unfamiliar with the history of the Institute, made a careful study of its minutes and accounts, beginning at the time of its foundation in 1879, and addressed letters of inquiry to all the Secretaries and Treasurers of the Affiliated Societies. These inquiries related chiefly to the mode of the administration of the Affiliated So- ciety, with special reference to membership ; the answers to them were full, explicit, and suggestive, and the Council desires to express its thanks to these officers for their ready and hearty cooperation. Fruitful suggestions came independently from other members of the Institute. Confidence in the future of the Institute and the belief that a remedy for existing evils could easily be applied were apparent in all these communica- tions. They all manifested a helpful and hopeful spirit.
The Advisory Committee carefully considered the facts pre- sented, and ultimately made recommendations through the President to the Council at its annual meeting on May 8. These recommendations, so far as they were adopted by the Council, are embodied in the revised Regulations, which are herewith submitted (Appendix, pp. 74-77). The main purpose of the changes instituted can be briefly stated. The indepen- dence of the Affiliated Societies and of the Schools at Athens and in Rome in the conduct of their own affairs (see Regula- tions XI and XVIII) is to be preserved, but both the Societies and the Schools are to be brought into closer relation with the government of the Institute ; and the Council is so reconsti- tuted, by an increase in the number of its members, as to secure a better informed and more consistent administration of
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the interests of the Institute as a whole. The Council believes that these changes will secure a more effective organization of the Institute, and will enlarge the range of its healthful activities.
A statement of these changes follows, for purposes of record, with a brief specification of the reasons that influenced the Council in making them.
The administration of the business of the Institute has always been committed to the Council. As heretofore constituted, this body has consisted solely of members elected by the Affiliated Societies. Since the annual meetings of most of the Societies have been held in the spring of the year, Councillors have fre- quently been elected only a few days before the annual meet- ing of the Council. It was inevitable that their knowledge of the policy and traditions of the business control of the Institute could not be commensurate with their genuine interest in its work. This has thrown undue responsibility on the President. Further, it has frequently happened, for local reasons that were valid, that the President of the Affiliated Society has not been chosen to membership in the Council, although he is presum- ably the best informed member of his Society in regard to the aims and work of the Institute. The Institute, moreover, has been singular in entrusting interests so important to so small a number of representatives, especially in view of the fact that its members are geographically so widely separated. Other similar societies transact their business in sessions where the body meets as a whole. In 1895-96, the Institute, with a membership of 645, was governed by a Council of 22 members. Finally, under the previous system, no representatives of special important interests have, as such, had seats in the Council.
Under the new order (Regulation III), to the members of the Council elected by the Affiliated Societies, according to the practice previously in vogue, other members are to be added ex officio. These are the ten officers of the Institute with their varied and special interests, the Editor-in-chief of the Journal of the Institute, the Presidents of the Affiliated Societies, and
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the Chairmen of the Managing Committees of the Schools at Athens and in Rome. The Affiliated Societies and the Schools of Classical Studies have now ex officio representation on the Council. The members of the Council, under the new provision, will number about forty ; but a body of this size is not too large for the transaction of such business as comes before the Council, if one may judge from the actual experience of the Managing Committee of the School at Athens, which has been for years a large body but has not proved to be unwieldy. Such a Council, however, is too large for the transaction of business by correspondence, and an Executive Committee of five members has been established (Regulation V), consisting of the President and four other members, to be chosen by him annually.
The officers of the Institute and of the Council (Regulation IV) will hereafter be a President, Honorary Presidents, five Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, and a Secretary. The President and Vice-Presidents will be elected at the Annual Meeting of the Council and will be eligible for reelection. The Honorary Presidents will be former Presidents of the Institute. The Treasurer and the Secretary will be chosen by the Council, and will hold office at its pleasure.
The number of Vice-Presidents has been enlarged from one to five. The Council will doubtless aim in their election to select representatives from different parts of